Bio 235 Midterm 1

metabolism

sum of al chemical processes

catabolism

that break down molecules, releasing energy.

anabolism

the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

3 things that effect growth in the body size

1. increase in the size of existing cells

2.increase in the number of cells

3.increase in the size of material between the cells

differentiation

unspecialized cells becomes specialized

reproduction is the formation of new cells for? (2)

1. tissue growth, repair or replacement

2. production of a new individual

fluid within the cells

intracellular fluid

fluid outside the cells

extracellular fluid

ECF that fills narrow space between cells of tissues

interstitial fluid

what is the monitored variable called in a feedback loop

controlled condition

what is the stimulus

any disruption that changes a controlled condition

what's the receptor

body structure monitoring the changes of a controlled condition and sends inputs

what is an afferent pathway-input

flows towards the control center (nerve impulse or chemical signal)

what is the control center

sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained; evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates output commands when they are needed

efferent pathway

flow away from control center to effector

effector

body structure receiving output and brings about change and produces a response that alters the controlled condition

negative feedback system

reverses a change in a controlled condition

positive feedback loop

strengthens or reinforces a change in the controlled condition until its interrupted-effector produces a response that reinforces the initial change-child birth

disorder

abnormality of a structure or function

disease

illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

symptom

subjective changes not visible to the observer

sign

objective changes visible to the observer (doctor)

prone

body is lying face down

supine

body is lying face up

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

different sides

superficial

towards the surface of the skin

deep

away from surface of the skin

sagittal plane

divides the body into left and right

Midsagittal (median) plane

divides into equal left and right sides

parasagittal plane

unequal sides left and right

fronta (coronal plane)

divides front and back (anterior/posterior)

transverse plane

superior and inferior top and bottom (horizontal plane cross-sectional)

oblique plane

anything but 90 degrees

cranial cavity

contains head

Vertebral (spine) cavity

contains spinal cord and vertebral column-continuous of the cranial cavity

Meninges

layers of protective tissue surround the brain and spinal cord

thoracic cavity

chest, ribs, sternum muscles of the chest and a thoracic portion of the vertebral column

pericardial cavity

surrounds the heart

pleura cavity

surrounds lungs

visceral layer of cavity

inner layer

parietal layer of cavity

outer layer

mediastinum cavity

between the lugs extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and first rib down to the diaphragm-heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and BV's but not the lungs

diaphragm

dome muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

from the diaphragm to the groin

abdominal cavity-stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine

pelvic cavity-urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system

viscera

organs inside thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

major elements of body mass

nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

lesser elements 8

Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Iron

what are the three subatomic particles

neutrons, protons, electrons

nucleus

core of an atom

proton

positively charged (in nucleus)

neutron

neutral no charge (in nucleus)

electrons

negatively charged in a cloud around the nucleus

number of protons =?

number of electrons

atomic number is what

number of protons/electrons

mass number

sum of protons and neutrons

isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes)

An isotope of an atom that spontaneously emits one or more types of radioactivity into stable configuration

half-life

the time it takes radioactive isotope to decay into half

atomic mass/weight

average of the natural occurring isotopes

ion

has a positive or negative charge because it has unequal number of protons and electrons

ionization

the process of giving up or gaining an electron to become stable

molecule

when two or more atoms share an electron

compound

substance made up of two or more different elements

free radicals

atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell making it unstable-become stable by gaining or losing from another element (this breaks apart important elements) UV rays, x-rays

ionic bond

force of attraction between oppositely charged ions

cation

positively charged ion-loses an electron

anion

negatively charged ion-gains an electron

electrolyte

an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive or negative ions in a solution

covalent bond

two more more atoms share electrons

non-polar

equal sharing of electrons

polar

sharing of electrons is unequal

electronegativity

power to attract electrons to itself

hydrogen bond

forms when hydrogen bonds to N,O,F

surface tension

a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid

activation energy

collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants so a reaction can start

catalysts-what kind are the most important

chemicals that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed-enzymes are most important

synthesis reaction

is anabolism and endergonic A+B=AB

decomposition reaction

catabolism and exergonic AB=A + B

Exchange reactions

both decomposition and synthesis

reversible reactions

products can reverse to original reactants

oxidation-reduction reactions are always what?

parallel- when one is oxidized the other is reduced

oxidation

the loss of electrons relaxing energy

reduction

the gain of electrons gaining energy

solvent, solution and solute

the solvent dissolves solute in the solution

hydrophilic

dissolves easily in water (polar)

hydrophobic

not very water soluble (non-polar)

hydrolysis

decomposition, break down with the addition of water

dehydration synthesis

the build of molecules-and water is formed as a product (taken out)

high heat capacity

water- changing from liquid to gas takes a large amount of energy with minimal change to own temperature

acid

a substance that dissociates into one or more H atoms and anions

base

removes H from a solution (OH-) hydroxide

which is a proton donor and which is a proton acceptor

acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors

salt

dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions

acidic solutions pH

H is greater than OH and ph is less than 7

basic solutions pH

OH is greater than H and ph is greater than 7

buffer systems

convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

acidoses

blood ph falls below ph of 7.35

alkalosis

blood ph rises above ph of 7.45

carbonic acid buffer system

adds or removes H+ compensating for either excess or shortage of H