The Particle Model (EdExcel)
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20 Terms
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States of matter
The distinct forms that different phases of matter take on: solid, liquid, and gas.
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Solid
A state of matter that has a fixed shape and volume with tightly packed particles.
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Liquid
A state of matter with a definite volume that takes the shape of its container and has less tightly packed particles than solids.
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Gas
A state of matter that has neither a fixed shape nor volume, with particles that spread apart and move freely.
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Melting
The process by which a solid turns into a liquid as temperature increases.
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Freezing
The process in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature decreases.
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Evaporation
The process where a liquid turns into a gas at any temperature, occurring at the surface.
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Condensation
The process where a gas cools and changes into a liquid.
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Sublimation
The transition of a solid directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state.
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Deposition
The transition of a gas directly into a solid without becoming a liquid.
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Density
A measure of mass per unit volume of a substance.
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Specific heat capacity
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a material by one degree Celsius.
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Specific latent heat
The amount of energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperature.
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Gas pressure
The force exerted by gas particles when they collide with the walls of their container.
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Boyle’s Law
States that for a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional.
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Ideal gas law
A equation of state for an ideal gas, represented as PV=nRT.
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Particle motion in gases
Gas particles move quickly in random directions, leading to frequent collisions.
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Internal energy
The total amount of kinetic and potential energy in a system.
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Heating water
The process of increasing the kinetic energy of water molecules, resulting in a temperature rise.
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Measuring density
Methods to determine density, such as water displacement for irregular solids and using a balance for liquids.
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