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True of False?
Depending in the cell, it will have a different life span?
TRUE
What are the two types of cell classification?
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Characteristics of Apoptosis
The process of a programmed cell death
Requires ATP
Shrinks
Active process
Nuclear condensation
Characteristics of Necrosis
An unprogrammmed form of cell death
Caused by something
Passive process
Passive process
Cell swells
No ATP required
What is the Cell Cycle?
A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides.
Parts of the cell cycle
Mitosis (10%)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase (90%)
G1 Phase (Cell Growth)
S Phase (DNA Replication)
G2 Phase (Preparation for mitosis)
G0 Phase
Phase where the cell is resting
What is Mitosis?
Mitosis is the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division.
What type of cell is used in Mitosis?
DIPLOID CELL
Contains all the generic material
46 chromosomes
STAGE 1 OF MITOSIS
Prophase
First phase of mitosis
Chromosomes become visible as tightly coiled threadlike structures
Mitotic spindle forms
STAGE 2 OF MITOSIS
Metaphase
The chromosomes line up in the middle
The nucleus is no longer visible
Spindle fiber hold the chromosone right in the middle (CENTROMERE)
STAGE 3 OF MITOSIS
Anaphase
The chromosomes separate → creating duplicated material on each side
Chromosomes are now found in the polar of the new daughter cells
Centrioles holds the spinde fibers
STAGE 4 OF MITOSIS
Telophase
A nuclear membrane forms around the new chromosomes
Spindle fibers are gones
Chromosomes have finished moving to the opposite sides of the cell
Daughter nuclei forms
Cytokinesis
“STAGE 5”
The final split-up between the two cells
Division between the two daughter cells
Physically divides into two new cells
Whart are the cell cycle phases?
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
G0 phase
CELL CYCLE
G1 PHASE
Growth of the cell
Surface area is way to big
Makes a new set of organelles and proteins
CELL CYCLE
S PHASE
Replicates DNA
Copies genetic information
Checking genetic material that both daughter cells will have
CELL CYCLE
G2 PHASE
Growth → organelle reproduction
Preparation for cell division
Synthesis of special protein preparation
CELL CYCLE
G0 PHASE
Phase where the cell is completely resting
Right after cell division
First or last stage
The time when the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide
EXAMPLES:
Heart and neuron cells stay at this phase
What are Cyclins?
Speacialized proteins that are responsible for the progression of the cell cycle
Associated with the cycle of cell division
Certain processes of mitosis
How many checkpoints are in the cell cycle?
3 checkpoints in:
G1 phase
G2 phase
M phase (METAPHASE)
Characteristics about checkpoints
Cyclins presented: Cyclin Dependent Kinane (enzyme)
Together CDK and Cyclins form the checkpoints
Is one of these fail, cancer is presented
Checkponit 1: G1 PHASE
Check for nutrients, growth factors, DNA damage
Cyclin D (CDK 6)
Cyclin D (CDK 4)
Checkpoint 2: G2 PHASE
Determine the sate of pre-mitotic cells
Identify any replication faults
Cyclin A (CDK 2)
Cyclin E (CDK 2) (Presented in the phase)
Checkpoint 3: Mitosis (Metaphase)
Ensure proper spindle assembly and correct attachment to centromeres
Cyclin B (CDK 1)