PSYC 201: Final Review

Deviance

Behaviors that significantly differ from the accepted norms of a community, such as vandalism, graffiti, and theft.

Distress

Overwhelming feelings of anxiety or panic that cause significant discomfort and avoidance of certain situations.

Dysfunction

Struggles in daily life functioning, like maintaining employment, due to mood swings, impulsive behaviors, or relationship difficulties.

Danger

A state where untreated mental health conditions lead to behaviors that pose a risk to oneself or others.

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders used for diagnosing over 200 mental health conditions.

ICD-11

International Classification of Diseases used globally to classify psychological disorders based on symptoms and patterns.

Diagnosis

A clinician's identification of a specific disorder based on a cluster of symptoms.

Comorbidity

The presence of two or more mental health diagnoses in an individual, like Generalized Anxiety Disorder and depression.

Models of abnormality

Theoretical perspectives used to explain abnormal behaviors, such as the Cognitive-Behavioral Model.

Neuroscience model

Views abnormal behavior as a result of brain malfunction, including genetic, hormonal, and structural factors.

Cognitive-behavioral model

Attributes disorders to learned behaviors and cognitive processes, focusing on challenging negative thoughts.

Behavioral perspective

Acquiring abnormal behaviors through learning principles like classical and operant conditioning.

Cognitive perspective

Abnormal functioning due to maladaptive beliefs and illogical processes, like selective perception and overgeneralization.

Socio-cultural model

Examines how societal characteristics contribute to stressors and mental health issues in individuals.

Developmental psychopathology model

Studies how genes and early experiences influence the development of psychological disorders over time.

Equifinality

Different starting points leading to the same outcome in the development of psychological disorders.

Multifinality

Starting from the same point but ending up with different outcomes in the development of psychological disorders.

Resilience

The ability to recover from or avoid the negative effects of adverse circumstances, like poverty or violence.

Depression

A low, sad state characterized by emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, and physical symptoms.

Genetic predisposition

Involves factors like neurotransmitter activity, cortisol levels, and brain structure abnormalities in mental health conditions.

Mania

A state of euphoria and frenzied energy associated with bipolar disorder, characterized by emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, and physical changes.

Bipolar disorder

Involves alternating periods of mania and depression, influenced by gene abnormalities, ion dysregulation, and stress.

Learned helplessness

A cognitive-behavioral theory where individuals become depressed due to perceived lack of control over life events.

Attribution-helplessness theory

Links negative life events to internal factors, leading to feelings of helplessness and low self-esteem.

Cognitive triad

Consists of negative self-thoughts, negative thoughts about experiences, and negative thoughts about the future, common in depression.

Anxiety disorders

Characterized by disabling levels of fear or anxiety, with symptoms like restlessness, fatigue, and muscle tension.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Involves severe fears of social or performance situations, influenced by cognitive-behavioral theories and unrealistic social standards.

Phobias

Persistent, unreasonable fears of specific objects or situations, reinforced through avoidance behaviors and modeling.

Panic disorder

Involves recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks, possibly due to brain circuit malfunction and misinterpretation of bodily sensations.

Obsessions

Persistent intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images, while compulsions are repetitive behaviors to alleviate anxiety, common in OCD.

Schizophrenia

Mental disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, hallucinations, and lack of contact with reality, with positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms.

Psychosis

Loss of contact with reality, often seen in schizophrenia, with symptoms like delusions, loose associations, hallucinations, and inappropriate affect.

Somatic symptom disorder

Involves distressing physical symptoms without medical cause, influenced by excessive health-related anxiety.

Conversion disorder

Symptoms suggestive of neurological damage without physiological explanation, like sudden paralysis following trauma.

Antisocial personality disorder

Inflexible patterns of behavior disregarding others' rights, linked to impulsivity, recklessness, and criminal behavior.

Borderline personality disorder

Characterized by emotional instability, self-concept issues, and impulsivity, influenced by biosocial theories.

Social cognition

Involves how individuals interpret and understand social information, influenced by attitudes, cognitive dissonance, and self-perception theory.

Attitudes

Individual evaluations of people, objects, or ideas, influencing behavior and decision-making.

Cognitive dissonance

Psychological discomfort arising from conflicting beliefs

Celebrity Endorsement

Choosing a product based on the recognition of a celebrity spokesperson in the advertisement, without considering the product's actual benefits or effectiveness.

Foot in the Door

A strategy where agreeing to a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger request later on.

Dispositional Attribution

Attributing someone's behavior or outcomes to their internal traits or characteristics rather than external factors.

Situational Attribution

Attributing someone's behavior or outcomes to external circumstances or situational factors rather than internal traits.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational influences when explaining others' behavior.

Social Facilitation

Improved performance in the presence of others, often due to heightened arousal and motivation.

Group Polarization

The tendency for group members' opinions to become more extreme after discussing a topic with like-minded peers.

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological strategies used to protect oneself from anxiety by distorting reality.

Id

The part of the personality that seeks immediate gratification of basic needs and desires.

Ego

The part of the personality that mediates between the id's impulses, the superego's demands, and reality.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Accepting and supporting others without judgment or conditions, fostering a safe space for self-exploration.

Motivation

The process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.

Drive Reduction Theory

The concept that organisms are motivated to reduce internal tension caused by unmet needs.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory proposing that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy, with basic needs at the bottom and higher-order needs at the top.

Intrinsic Motivation

Engaging in an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for external rewards.

Extrinsic Motivation

Engaging in an activity for external rewards or to avoid punishment.

Growth Mindset

Belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort and dedication.

Grit

Perseverance and passion for long-term goals, even in the face of setbacks.

Emotion

A complex psychological state involving physiological arousal, subjective feelings, expressive behaviors, and cognitive interpretations.

Emotional-behavioral component

Sarah's anger leading to yelling and arguing with her friend during a disagreement.

James-Lange theory

Tom interpreting fear as a result of trembling and sweating, linking physiological responses to emotions.

Cannon-Bard theory

Emily experiencing fear and physiological arousal simultaneously, suggesting independent but simultaneous emotion and physiological responses.

Two-factor theory

John interpreting physiological arousal before a presentation as excitement due to the positive context, not anxiety.

Physiological arousal

Lisa's increased heart rate and sweating in a threatening situation indicating fear-related physiological arousal.

Cognitive Appraisal

Mike interpreting physiological signs of excitement rather than fear due to perceiving the situation as challenging but manageable.

Facial-feedback theory

Sarah reducing anxiety by smiling during a stressful situation, supporting the theory that facial expressions influence emotions.

Cross-sectional design

Researchers comparing children's problem-solving abilities across different age groups to study cognitive development over time.

Longitudinal design

Following individuals over years to observe changes in cognitive abilities from childhood to adulthood.

Nature \Nurture

Lisa questioning if her love for music is inherited (nature) or developed through exposure and experiences (nurture).

Critical periods

Emily learning that language acquisition is most successful in early childhood, highlighting the importance of specific developmental periods.

Information processing theory

Tom likening the mind to a computer to analyze how sensory input is processed, stored, and retrieved.

Theory of mind

Sarah understanding others' perspectives, even when told a white lie, showcasing empathy and perspective-taking.

Lev Vygotsky and the role of socio-cultural theory

John believing that social interactions and cultural context heavily influence children's cognitive development.

Piaget’s theory

Mark observing his niece's exploration of object permanence, aligning with Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

Scheme

Lisa's mental framework for understanding concepts like "dog," including characteristics like four legs and barking.

Assimilation

Emily categorizing a new breed of dog as a "dog" based on her existing schema, demonstrating assimilation.

Accommodation

Sarah modifying her schema to include cats after encountering one, showcasing accommodation.

Equilibrium

Tom seeking balance when new information contradicts existing beliefs, prompting adjustments in understanding.

Sensorimotor stage

Mark's baby sister playing peek-a-boo, indicating an understanding of object permanence in Piaget's cognitive development stages.