Lab and Diagnostics Exam 3

Fluoroscopy

What device projects radiographic images in a movie-like sequence onto a monitor?

Motion

What does fluoroscopy allow visualization of besides the body part itself?

Contrast medium

What substance is used in enhanced radiographs to highlight the structure of internal viscera?

Natural contrast

On what density variations do standard X-ray techniques rely?

Harmless

What is a key characteristic of a good contrast agent regarding its toxicity?

Water soluble

What is a common physical property of most contrast media agents?

1 in 20,000 to 40,000

What is the approximate risk of death from a contrast media administration?

Radiopaque

What is the term for a positive contrast agent?

Radiolucent

What is the term for a negative contrast agent?

Oral rectal or intravenous

What are the three primary routes of administration for contrast media?

Barium

What is the contrast agent typically used for an Upper GI study?

Upper GI

Which study is also referred to as a barium swallow or esophagram?

Form and motility

What two qualities of the esophagus and stomach does an Upper GI visualize?

Hiatal hernia

What condition involving the stomach protruding through the diaphragm is diagnosed with an Upper GI?

Pyloric stenosis

What narrowing of the opening from the stomach to the duodenum is diagnosed with an Upper GI?

Modified Barium Swallow

Which specific study is used to evaluate swallowing disorders?

SBFT

What is the acronym for a Small Bowel Follow Through?

Small Bowel Follow Through

Which study visualizes the form and motility of the small intestine?

Intussusception

What condition where part of the intestine slides into an adjacent part is diagnosed by SBFT?

Ulcerative colitis

Which inflammatory disease of the bowel can be diagnosed with a Small Bowel Follow Through?

Lower GI study

Which study is also known as a barium enema?

Rectal tube

How is barium contrast typically instilled for a Lower GI study?

Large intestine and rectum

What structures are primarily visualized during a barium enema?

Diverticula

What are the small bulging pouches that can form in the lining of the colon diagnosed by Lower GI?

Acute appendicitis

What inflammatory condition can X-rays NOT be used to diagnose even if the appendix is seen?

Cholangiogram

Which study visualizes the gallbladder and bile ducts?

Iodine

What type of contrast agent is used for a cholangiogram?

Choledocholithiasis

What is the medical term for a stone located in the bile ducts?

ERCP

What endoscopic procedure uses contrast to evaluate if gallbladder ducts are patent?

IVP

What is the acronym for an Intravenous Pyelogram?

Intravenous Pyelogram

Which study visualizes the kidneys, ureters, and bladder?

Time to excretion

What measurement during an IVP is used to reflect kidney function?

Renal calculi

What is the medical term for kidney stones diagnosed via an Intravenous Pyelogram?

Hydronephrosis

What term refers to the stretching of the kidney due to urine backup diagnosed by IVP?

Arthrogram

Which study visualizes encapsulated joint spaces?

Ligament tears

What type of soft tissue joint injury is commonly diagnosed using an arthrogram?

MRI

Which imaging modality is best at diagnosing subtle cartilage abnormalities during an arthrogram?

Myelogram

Which study visualizes the spinal subarachnoid space?

Noniodine

What type of water soluble contrast is used for a myelogram?

Spinal stenosis

What condition involving the narrowing of the spinal canal is diagnosed with a myelogram?

Nerve root compression

What common spinal complication can be visualized during a myelogram?

HSG

What is the acronym for a Hysterosalpingogram?

Hysterosalpingogram

Which study visualizes the uterine cavity and Fallopian tubes?

Infertility

For what specific clinical evaluation is an HSG used extensively?

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Evidence of scarring from what past condition can be seen on an HSG?

Angiogram

Which study visualizes the vascular system including arteries or veins?

Aneurysms

What localized enlargements of an artery are commonly diagnosed via angiogram?

Pulmonary emboli

What arterial blockages in the lungs can be diagnosed with an angiogram?

Heart catheterization

What is the common name for a coronary angiogram?

PCI

What is the acronym for the therapeutic procedure often following an angiogram to open vessels?

Balloon angioplasty

What is a common therapeutic procedure used to open vessels during heart catheterization?

Stent placement

What is often inserted into a vessel during a PCI to keep it open?

Interventional radiology

What field uses fluoroscopy for numerous medical and surgical procedures?

Air water fat and bone

What four natural densities do traditional X-ray techniques rely on?

1 in 20,000

What is the lower end of the statistical range for death caused by contrast media?

Esophagus stomach and duodenum

Which three structures are primary targets for visualization in an Upper GI?

Fistulas

What abnormal connections between the colon and other organs are diagnosed with a Lower GI study?

Patent

What term describes ducts or vessels that are open and unobstructed?

Subarachnoid space

What is the specific fluid filled space visualized in a myelogram?

Tubal obstructions

What common cause of infertility can be identified using a Hysterosalpingogram?

Function

What do nuclear medicine tests primarily show as opposed to anatomy?

Radiotracer

What substance targets specific biological processes and is injected or ingested for nuclear imaging?

Gamma camera

What equipment is used to capture radioactive decay emitted by a tracer?

Planar Scintigraphy

What is the oldest and simplest type of nuclear medicine study that produces 2D images?

SPECT

What nuclear medicine study uses a rotating camera to create 3D images?

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

What does the acronym SPECT stand for?

PET

What is the dominant nuclear imaging modality used in oncology for staging cancer?

Positron Emission Tomography

What does the acronym PET stand for?

Staging cancer

What is the primary oncologic use for PET/CT scans?

Technetium-99m

What is the most widely used radioisotope in the world for studying disease processes?

Iodine-131

Which radioisotope is an effective treatment for thyroid disorders like Graves disease?

Thallium-201

Which radioisotope is used to evaluate heart health and coronary artery disease?

Xenon-133

Which radioactive gas is used to create functional images of pulmonary ventilation?

Gallium-67

Which radioisotope is used for detecting infections and chronic inflammation like osteomyelitis?

Indium-111

Which isotope is used to detect blood clots and locate abscesses?

Samarium-153

Which isotope is utilized for both cancer therapy and relieving bone cancer pain?

FDG

What glucose analogue is the primary tracer relied upon for PET imaging?

Fluorodeoxyglucose

What is the full name of the PET tracer abbreviated as FDG?

Molecular

PET imaging provides a view at what level to assess biochemical and metabolic processes?

Therapeutic

Besides being diagnostic, what other role can nuclear medicine play in treating certain diseases?

Bone scan

Which nuclear study evaluates fractures, infections, tumors, or arthritis?

V/Q scan

Which study uses nuclear medicine to detect blood flow problems or transplant rejection in the lungs?

Ventilation-Perfusion scan

What does V/Q scan stand for?

HIDA scan

Which nuclear medicine study is specifically used to evaluate the gallbladder?

Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid

What does the acronym HIDA stand for?

WBC scan

Which nuclear study involves tagging white blood cells to locate hidden infections?

Metal hardware

Nuclear medicine is beneficial over MRI/CT for patients with what physical feature that causes artifacts?

Claustrophobia

Nuclear medicine is an alternative for patients who cannot tolerate MRI due to what psychological condition?

Heart attack

Nuclear medicine helps assess the damage to heart muscle after a patient suffers from what?

60 to 90 minutes

What is the typical procedure time for a PET scan?

PET

Between SPECT and PET, which provides superior image quality and higher sensitivity?

SPECT

Between SPECT and PET, which is less expensive and more widely available?

Ultrasound

What real-time modality provides immediate diagnostic feedback using sound waves?

Pregnancy

Ultrasound is considered the safest imaging modality for which patient population?

Noninvasive

What is a primary advantage of ultrasound regarding its effect on the patient's body?

Bone cortex

What anatomical structure can ultrasound waves not penetrate?

Gas

What substance inside the body reduces the utility of ultrasound imaging?

Operator dependent

What is a major disadvantage of ultrasound regarding the skill needed to perform it?

Obesity

What patient physical characteristic can make ultrasound scanning difficult?

Anechoic

What term describes a structure with no internal echoes that appears black on ultrasound?