New Imperialism Pt. 2

Manifest Destiny

White Americans believed that they had a natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean.

Spanish-American War

The U.S. victory in this war in 1898 brought Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under U.S. control.

Roosevelt Corollary

President Theodore Roosevelt, a proponent of Social Darwinism, was especially eager to expand U.S. influence throughout the Western Hemisphere. The 1904 __________ ____________ to the Monroe Doctrine stated that if countries in Latin America demonstrated "instability," the United States would intervene. It did several times. For example, in 1904 Roosevelt sent U.S. troops to occupy a Caribbean island nation, the Dominican Republic, until it repaid its foreign debts.

Great Game

Russia continued to push into Central Asia during the 19th century, leading to an intense rivalry between the Russian and British empires as they competed unsuccessfully for dominance in Afghanistan.

Túpac Amaru II

José Gabriel Condorcanqui was a cacique (hereditary chief) in southern Peru. He was descended from the last Inca ruler and took on this name. Born around 1740, he continued to identify with his Inca heritage in spite of having received a formal Jesuit education. In 1780 he arrested and executed a colonial administrator, charging him with cruelty. This action led to the last general Indian revolt against Spain, which at first was supported by some criollos (Spaniards born in America). The revolt throughout southern Peru and into Bolivia and Argentina before him and his family were captured in March 1781. They were taken to Cuzco, the former capital of the Inca empire. There he was forced to watch as his wife and sons were executed before he was tortured and executed himself.

Benito Juárez

In 1863, a group of Mexican conservatives conspired with Emperor Napoleon III of France to overthrow the liberal government of __________ ___________, a full-blooded Zapotec.

Sepoys

Indian soldiers under British employ, known as ________, made up the majority of the British armed forces in colonial India by the mid-19th century.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

In 1857, the British began using rifle cartridges that had been greased with a mixture of the fat of cows and pigs. Hindus, who view the cow as sacred, and Muslims, who refuse to slaughter pigs, were both furious. Both were violent revolts, known as the __________.

Raj

The British colonial government, known as the _____.

Indian National Congress

Under the Raj, many Indians attended British universities. In 1885, several British-educated Indians established the _________ __________ _________. Though begun as a forum for airing grievances to the colonial government, it quickly began to call for self-rule.

Aboriginal

The __________ people have been in Australia for an estimated 50,000 years and have the oldest continuous culture on Earth. At the time of European settlement, there may have been as many as 1 million people in 500 clans, speaking 700 languages.

Pan-Africanism

The idea that peoples of African descent have common interests and should be unified.

Sokoto Caliphate

In West Africa in the 18th century, rulers often mixed Islamic and traditional religious practices. In 1804, a group of intellectuals led by Usman dan Fodio started a drive to purify Islam among the Hausa tribes of the region. He created a caliphate with its seat at the new town of Sokoto. This caliphate established the slave trade as a means if economic growth at a time when the British were trying to stop it. The British navy attempted to intercept the ships of this caliphate, free the enslaved people, and relocate them in their colony Sierra Leone. This caliphate was the largest African empire since the 16th century. It was finally subdued in 1903 when the British made it part of their colony of Nigeria.

Xhosa

The native _______ people did not want to be ruled by Europeans, whether Dutch or English.

Zulu

In the 1870s, the British fought the ______ Kingdom, located on the South African coast of the Indian Ocean, which had become a well-organized and centralized state.

Asante Empire

A pre-colonial West African state that emerged in the 17th century in what is now Ghana.

Yaa Asantewaa

A mighty warrior queen, led a rebellion against the British. It was the last African war led by a woman, and it resulted in the deaths of 2,000 Asente and 1,000 British.

Cecil Rhodes

Founder of De Beers Diamonds, he was an especially enthusiastic investor in a railroad project that was to stretch from Cape Town, in the Cape Colony of South Africa, to Cairo, Egypt.

Guano

Bat and seabird excrement, is rich in nitrates and phosphates. These make it an excellent natural fertilizer. Because of the dry climate in Peru and Chile, vast quantities of this had accumulated before people began mining it in the 19th century. Between 1840 and 1880, millions of tons of this were dug by hand and loaded onto ships for export, often by indentured Chinese or Polynesian laborers.

Export Economies

The demand for raw materials that could be processed into manufactured goods and shipped away — often back to the providers of raw materials — turned colonies into ___________.

Rubber

Made from the latex sap of trees or vines. It softens when warm and hardens when cold. In 1839, Charles Goodyear developed a process known as vulcanization that eliminated these problems.

De Beers Mining Company

A diamond monopoly that controlled the demand and supply of the diamond industry.

Apartheid

In 1890, Cecil Rhodes became the prime minister of the Cape Colony where his racist policies paved the way for the _________, or racist segregation, that plagued South Africa during the 20th century.

Monocultures

The planting of similar crops due to their similarities with one another.

Opium Wars (1839-1842)

Two wars fought between Western Powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.

"Banana Republics"

The United Fruit Company allied itself with large landowners to pressure governments to maintain conditions that would be favorable for the U.S. company. In a short story, the writer O. Henry coined this term to describe small Central American countries under the economic power of foreign-based corporations. These republics were politically unstable states with an economy dependent upon the exportation of a limited-resource product, such as bananas and minerals.

Great Famine (1845-1849)

A series of mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland between 1845 and 1894.

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. He became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. He appealed to the poor, led nonviolent demonstrations against British colonial rule, and was jailed many times.

Natal Indian Congress

An organization that aimed to fight discrimination against Indians in South Africa. The Natal Indian Congress was founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1894. A constitution was put in place on 22 August 1894.

Chinese Exclusion Act

The parliament of the province of Victoria passed this act in 1855 that limited the number of Chinese who could come ashore from each ship. Many Chinese got around this law by landing instead in South Australia.

White Australia Policy

The new attorney general stated that the government's policy was to preserve a "white Australia." This policy, as it was known, remained in effect until the mid-1970s.