Lspine sacrum coccyx die

Ankylosing Spondylitis

An inflammatory disease that usually begins in the sacroiliac joints and ascends the spine. It

leads to fusion of intervertebral and costovertebral joints, resulting in a rigid spine. Most

• Cause is unknown.

Chance Fracture

Fracture through the vertebral body and posterior elements due to hyperflexion, often in car

accidents with lap seat belts. The belt acts as a pivot, causing the spine to snap forward.

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

herniated or slipped disk. The nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus

fibrosus, pressing on the spinal cord or nerves. Common at L4–L5, causing sciatica. Not visible

on plain X-rays; MRI and CT are preferred

Lordosis

Refers to the normal inward curve of the lumbar spine, or an abnormal exaggeration of this

curve. Can result from pregnancy, obesity, poor posture, rickets, or spinal TB. Best seen in

lateral projectio

Metastases

Secondary malignant tumors that spread to the vertebrae.

Osteolytic

bone destruction with irregular edges

Osteoblastic

increased bone density

Mixed

“moth-eaten” appearance due to both effects

Scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often with rotation. Usually affects thoracic and lumbar

regions.

Spina Bifida

congenital defect where the posterior vertebral arch fails to close, exposing the spinal cord.

Severity varies. Most common at L5.

Spondylolisthesis

Forward slippage of one vertebra over another, often at L5-S1. Caused by defects in the pars

interarticularis or from severe osteoarthritis. Severe cases may need spinal fusion.

Spondylolysis

Dissolution or defect in the vertebral arch, especially in the pars interarticularis. Appears as a

break in the “neck” of the Scottie dog on oblique X-ray. Common in L4 or L5