Reproductive Technologies in Ruminants

What are the two main muscles that form the pelvic diaphragm?

Coccygeus and levator ani

What is the origin of the pelvic diaphragm muscles?

Medial aspect of the ischial spine and adjacent part of the sacrosciatic ligament

What is the function of the levator ani muscle?

Holds anus against the contraction of the rectum

What structure forms the midline raphe of the pelvic diaphragm?

Fusion of fibers from both sides of the coccygeus muscle

What is the clinical significance of the pelvic diaphragm in relation to uterine prolapse?

Hypocalcaemia reduces its contractility, allowing uterus to be pushed backwards

What is the primary innervation of the penis for erection?

Parasympathetic nerves from the pelvic nerves

What are the two distinct phases of erection?

Increased blood flow and obstruction of venous outflow

In which type of penis does erection occur rapidly with little increase in size?

Fibroelastic penis

What causes the spiraling of the fibroelastic penis during erection?

Distribution of inextensible collagen fibers in the tunica albuginea

What is the site of sperm deposition in bulls?

Vagina

What is the site of sperm deposition in stallions?

Uterus

What is the site of sperm deposition in boars?

Cervix

What is the appearance of a functional corpus luteum?

Rounded, bulbous, firm red/orange structure

What is the appearance of a regressing corpus luteum?

Flatter, smoother, firmer, slightly concave center, yellow internally

What technology can be used for oestrus detection in cattle?

Heat time collars, activity pedometers, rumen boluses

What is a physical color alert method for oestrus detection?

Tail paint

What is AI in cattle reproduction?

Depositing fresh/frozen semen into a female

What is MOET in cattle reproduction?

Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer

What is OPU in cattle reproduction?

Ovum Pick Up

What is an advantage of using OPU/IVF in cattle reproduction?

Can produce embryos from virgin heifers as young as 10 months old