Psychopathology

Personality disorders are best defined as...

enduring patterns marked by problems forming a stable, positive self-concept and difficulty sustaining close, supportive relationships.

People who tend to score high on scales that
measure the “Extroversion” factor of personality
are more likely to be:

socially assertive as opposed to passive.

People who score high on the __________ factor of the
Big 5 personality inventory are often described by
others as being lenient as opposed to critical, and good-
natured as opposed to irritable/antagonistic.

Agreeableness

Using the DSM-5-TR model of pathological personality traits, individuals who endorse items indicative of distractibility, impulsivity, irresponsibility and risk taking would score high on the ___________ factor.

Disinhibition

Patients who score high on the DSM-5-TR pathological
personality trait called “Psychoticism” have endorsed
items that reflect being...

eccentricity, cognitive perceptual dysregulation, and unusual beliefs and experiences

Which of the following personality
disorders is not included in the
Odd/Eccentric grouping or Cluster A?

Histrionic PD

Which of the following PDs has cognitive distortions and eccentric behavior among it’s Key Features

Schizotypal PD

Which of the following personality disorders is not included in the Emotional/Dramatic grouping or Cluster B?

Paranoid PD

Which of the following personality PDs has grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy among it’s Key Features

Narcissistic PD

Which of the following personality disorders is not included in the Anxious/fearful grouping or Cluster C?

Borderline Personality

Maude is extremely sensitive to the possibility of rejection or criticism, and therefore she is fearful about entering into relationships. She believes that she is socially incompetent and is reluctant to meet new people for fear of saying or doing something foolish. She has very few friends; although she wishes this were not the case. Which of the following personality disorders is the best diagnosis for Maude?

avoidant

How does Cleckley’s criteria for “psychopathy” differ from the DSM-5 criteria for “anti-social” personality disorder?

According to Cleckley, a psychopath is inadequately motivated, and lacks some positive emotions

A person’s with psychosis may be talking about one topic (e.g., recent death of a loved one) while displaying emotions (e.g., happiness) that don’t make any sense or match-up with the topic of conversation. This is called ____________ .

Thought-affect incongruence

The figure credited with being the first to coin the term “schizophrenia” is ______.

Eugen Bleuler

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the terms schizophrenia and psychosis?

Schizophrenia is a disorder, whereas psychosis refers to a cluster of symptoms that can accompany several disorders.

Which of the following are examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

hallucinations and delusions

Carlos, who has schizophrenia, is living with his parents. He has little motivation to perform purposeful behavior, even personal hygiene. Unless his mother monitors his personal habits, he never bathes or washes his clothes. This is an example of ________.

avolition

Which of the following are examples of negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

social withdrawal, anhedonia, lack of initiative

Howard had a psychotic episode following his wife’s death. He hallucinated and would hear her speaking to him. He experienced delusions (e.g., believed he was communicating with his wife’s spirit). Howard recovered from this episode after one week and had no further symptoms. What DSM-5 diagnosis would fit Howard’s case?

brief psychotic disorder

Schizophrenia symptoms experienced in conjunction with mood disturbance (i.e., depression or mania) would be classified in DSM-5 as _____________.

schizoaffective disorder

Schizophrenia-like symptoms (e.g., psychosis) lasting for one month or greater and continued disability that has persisted for only five months would be classified in DSM-5 as _______________.

schizophreniform disorder

Which of the following about the Epidemiology of Schizophrenia is TRUE?

Pregnancy & birth complications correlate with the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Which of the following suggests that dopamine receptors are predominantly related to positive (not negative) symptoms of schizophrenia?

Antipsychotic drugs reduce only positive symptoms.

Sam has been treated with older medications for schizophrenia for years. He involuntarily smacks his lips and seems unable to control his facial movements. Sam most probably is suffering from __________ .

tardive dyskinesia

All of the following are problems or limitations of the "original" dopamine hypothesis except for...

It failed to account for the symptom differences between male and female patients with schizophrenia.

Which dopamine pathway is over-active and is associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia (e.g., hallucinations)?

Mesolimbic

The __________ dopamine pathway originates from the VTA (ventral tegmental area) and projects to the prefrontal cortex; the __________ of this pathway (along with other NT abnormalities) is associated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Mesocortical; under-activity

Which of the following are true about the use of older medications like Thorazine to treat schizophrenia?

These can produce side effects such as tardive dyskinesia in some individuals but not negative symptoms

Which of the following is among the oldest form of antipsychotic medication?

Thorazine

In addition to dopamine, several other neurotransmitter (NT) abnormalities are involved in Schizophrenia? All of the following were presented except for...

Norepinephrine

One cellular abnormality seen in patients with schizophrenia is that the neurons have __________.

Fewer and less dense dendritic spines

Which of the following structural brain abnormalities are seen in patients with Schizophrenia?

Prefrontal cortex hypofunction and Below average brain weight

The concordance rate of schizophrenia for monozygotic twins is about...

44%

Which of the following sources of evidence supports the idea that prenatal exposure to toxins or viruses are involved in the etiology of schizophrenia?

Patterns of still birth rates and higher concordance in mono-chorionic twins

Which of the following is the best (i.e., most accurate) statement about the etiology of schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia is caused by various environmental events that can lead to compromised brain development in those most vulnerable (b/c several inherited genetic anomalies).

Although a single, universally accepted definition of psychotherapy does not exist, there are elements common to most definitions. Which of the following is not among those elements typically included.

Therapy should involve goals as determined solely by the therapist (i.e., the recognized expert).

Which of the following represent general course of intervention according presented in the textbook?

Initial contact, assessment, identifying goals, implementing treatment, termination and follow-up

Information shared between a psychotherapist and a client is considered privileged information that must be keep confidential. However, a therapist is obligated by law to share information if/when...

All of the above are conditions under which confidentiality is limited

Therapeutic factors such as reduction of social isolation, receiving empathy from another, and the opportunity to talk with someone who is attentive and non-judgmental are called __________ factors in psychotherapy.

Support (General)

Which of the following is incorrect/false, because it is not included among the overall conclusions suggested by research on psychotherapy outcome?

The effects of therapy are short-lived and medications result in longer periods of improvement in patients.

David suffers from schizophrenia. He has allegedly beaten another man in the park severely after an argument and was arrested. While he is being examined by a psychologist to see if he is fit to stand trial, he is mandated to a mental health institution. This is an example of...

criminal commitment

When someone is determined incompetent to stand trial, what typically happens to him/her/them?

They are treated and, if later found competent, are then tried for the original crime

The definition of “insanity” comes from __________

court proceedings (comparing the current case to established precedents)

Most states hold that a person can be involuntarily committed to a mental hospital...

if found to be mentally ill and a danger to themselves or others.

Which of the following is false concerning the informal emergency commitment procedure?

None of the above are false