urinary 1

kidney functions

blood osmolarity balance

waste excretion

pH regulation

blood pressure regulate

erythropoietin (reabsorb, secretion)

blood osmolarity balance

monitor electrolyte/ions & H2O balance + hormones ADH

waste excretion

urea (protein) via deamination of amino acids (remove nitrogen)

pH regulation

via H+ (=acid=proton) ion secretion & reabsorb of HCO3- (bicarbonate)

blood pressure regulate

renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone (Na+) → blood pressure up, pressure up

erythropoietin (EPO) secretion to make RBCS

RBCS make O2

from kidney to red marrow

Reabsorb & secretion

REABSORB:

take from urine back to blood

secretion

: From blood into kidney tubes/urine

location

retroperitoneal space

has capsule of adipose & adrenals on top/superior

retroperitoneal space

behind abdomen cavity

hilum

depression where vessels enter/exit

regions

cortex (out) and medulla (in) containing parts of → nephrons, pyramids

nephrons

filtering units (1.3M/kidneys) tubules

pyramids

thyey concentrate urine

calyx

cup regions, collect urine from pyramids

renal pelvis

funnel, form superior ureters

ureters

empty into bladder

bladder

muscle, stores urine

anterior to uterus & anterior to rectum

INFERIOR: male prostate gland

transitional epithelial (stretch) + mucosa

lines urinary organs

detrusor

detrusor

smooth muscle, involuntary autonomic

aids micturition/voiding

smooth muscle

can’t control

involuntary autonomic

mictruition/voiding

pee

continence

continence

hold & use bladder

trigone muscle

triangle, acts as valve, aids continence

internal sphincters

circular muscle: regular release of urine to urethra involuntarily/autonomic

relaxing→ fills urethra

external sphincter

skeletal/somatic muscle

control → micturition/continence from urethral meatus

meatus

opening to a tube/canal

urethra

& mucosa transports urine out of body

mucosa

opens outside

traps stuff

1 urogenital opening

men have ________

as urethra passes thru prostate because it also serves as semen transport via ejaculation

renal artery →

afferent arteriole → feeds glomerulus

nephron glomerulus (caps)

high hydrostatic pressure (high to low) & gradients

filter out substances thru capillary fenestrations into bowman’s capsule

filtrate

filtrate

liquid to become pee & includes: H2O, glucose, urea, H+, electrolyte/ions

tubular fluid

nephron made

fenestration

gap/pore between endothelial caps

not filtered

should not be in urine

RBCs & proteins

efferent ateriole

drains blood to renal vein → vena cava

peritubular caps

vessels @ nephrons to reabsorb H2O & nutrients & secrete wastes into nephron that iwll become pee

vasa recta

caps @ loop henle

vessels @ nephrons to reabsorb H2O & nutrients & secrete wastes into nephron that iwll become pee

glomerular filtration rate

osmotic/colloidal pressure (solutes) in bowman’s is low

osmotic/colloidal pressure (solutes)

low in bowman’s

thus hdydrostatic is driving force to mkae filtrate

filtrate made

125 mL/min

180 L/day

99% of filtrate

reabsorbed by nephron under influence of gradients, hormones, etc.

= 1-2L urine output/day

-uresis

urinate

albumin

osmotic sponge

if albumin escapes into bowman’s

via inflammation

it increases osmotic pressure (solutes) in bowman’s and nephron

draws in more H2O than usual

more H2O than usual

dark and increased urine volume

lower osmotic pressure in blood & more H2O (hypotonic)

edema

swell

H2O diffuses thru caps into tissues

primary active transport

shows antiport (opps)

ions moving in opposite directions using ATP

secondary active transport

shows symport (together) as 2 molecules diffuse togeteher using a transport protein and gradient

electrochemical (Na+) gradients

flows hi to low

draws things with it

not all movement needs ATP

has power

proximal convoluted tube (PCT)

closest to start of nephron

majority of reabsorption

proximal

closest to start of nephron

facilitated

still passive transport but uses carrier protein to move glucose bc of size

apical cell side

faces nephron lumen and filtrate

basal cell side

faces interstitial/tissue

filtrate passes into PCT

most active reabsorb (into blood) area of: NA+, electrolytes, H2O, glucose

Na+ symport

together → 2nd active

apical side

transports glucose out of nephron filtrate → glucose then diffuses (facilitated) into peritubular capillary

Na/K ATP pump

active transport, primary, ATP, antiport

pumps 3 Na+ into interstitial & then Na+ diffuses into peritubular caps…H2O will diffuse hi to low gradient bc of this

Na+/H+ antiport

antiport, primary

H+=acid

secrete H+ into filtrate = acidic pee + Na+ adds to gradient for H2O to follow

HCO3- Bicarbonate

imporrtant for pH balance, is symported with Na+ ions = buffer blood

ions

Cl-, Mg, Ca2+

use symport proteins from filtrate

loop of henle

reabsorb Na+ & H2O into vasa recta capillaries

descending nephron loop

has aquaporin proteins for fast diffusion of H2O out of loop and into interstitial

No Na+
As H2O lost, osmolarity increases down in loop → increased concentration

loop → interstitial → blood

ascending loop

thick portion impermeable to H2O but Na+ actively transported (Na/K+ ATP pump into interstitial space @ loop)

vital because it forms hyperosmotic gradient (lots of solutes) so H2O can diffuse out of descending loop

thicker ascending

countercurrent exchange

against

as H2O diffuses out as we move down…Na+ transported out as we move up

urea

nitrogen waste

byproduct of the breakdown of amine (NH2) group of amino acids via liver. Urea diffuses into descend loop lumen