Unit 2: Age of Reformation

What sparked criticism of the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?

The corruption within the Church, including practices like simony, nepotism, pluralism, absenteeism, and selling of indulgences.

Who were the key leaders of the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther and John Calvin.

What was Martin Luther's belief about salvation?

Salvation is initiated by God, not the Church.

What does predestination mean in the context of John Calvin's teachings?

The belief that God has already decided who will be saved and who will be damned.

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

An agreement that allowed each territory in the Holy Roman Empire to decide whether to be Catholic or Protestant.

What was the purpose of the Catholic Reformation?

To purify the Catholic Church's image and reclaim supporters by driving internal reform.

What was established at the Council of Trent?

A disciplinary council that addressed necessary reforms in the Church during the Catholic Reformation.

What artistic styles were associated with the Catholic Reformation?

Mannerism and Baroque, used as propaganda to reclaim Catholic support.

What was the outcome of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

Thousands of Protestants were killed by Catholic mobs.

Who became Henry IV and what compromise did he make for political necessity?

Henry of Navarre became Henry IV and sacrificed his Protestantism to effectively lead France.

What event marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War?

The defenestration of Prague in 1618.

Who was defeated in the Battle of White Mountain?

Frederick V, king of Bohemia.

What significant change occurred as a result of the Treaty of Lubeck in 1629?

Restoration of Holstein to King Christian IV of Denmark.

What happened during the Swedish Phase of the Thirty Years' War?

Swedes killed Baron Tilly and defeated Wallenstein at the Battle of Lutzen.

What were the results of the Peace of Westphalia?

France acquired Alsace, and the Dutch Republic and Switzerland gained independence from Spain.

What did the Peace of Westphalia expand upon regarding religious tolerance?

It expanded the Peace of Augsburg to include Calvinists alongside Catholics and Lutherans.

What was the Habsburg-Valois rivalry?

A series of conflicts and power struggles between the Habsburg dynasty and the Valois dynasty in France throughout the 16th century, primarily over territorial and political control in Europe.

How did religious fervor create conflict between Catholic royalist lords and Calvinist anti-monarchical lords?

The rise of Calvinism in France led to a division among nobility, with Catholic royalist lords supporting the monarchy and Calvinist lords advocating for resistance and political change, intensifying civil strife during the French Wars of Religion.

What is iconoclasm?

The destruction of religious images or icons, particularly during the Reformation and conflicts involving Protestant reformers who viewed such images as idolatrous.

Who was Henry of Guise?

A leading figure in the Catholic League and a prominent rival to Henry of Navarre, known for his militaristic approach against Protestantism during the French Wars of Religion.

What was the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

A targeted attack on Huguenots (French Protestants) in Paris on August 24, 1572, resulting in thousands of deaths and marking a significant escalation in the French Wars of Religion.

Who was Henry of Navarre?

The future King Henry IV of France, he was a Huguenot leader who converted to Catholicism to secure his reign and promote national unity after the Wars of Religion.

What does the term 'politique' refer to?

A pragmatic political approach during the French Wars of Religion where leaders prioritized state stability and unity over religious allegiance, exemplified by Henry IV's shift to Catholicism for the sake of peace.

What was the significance of the Spanish Armada?

The Spanish Armada, launched in 1588, aimed to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England and restore Catholic rule, but its defeat marked a significant decline in Spanish naval power and increased Protestant influence.

Who was Martin Luther?

A German theologian and monk who is recognized as the catalyst of the Protestant Reformation, known for his 95 Theses which criticized the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences.

What were the main ideas of Martin Luther's theology?

Luther's theology emphasized justification by faith alone, the authority of Scripture over Church traditions, and the priesthood of all believers.

What role did John Calvin play in the Reformation?

John Calvin was a French theologian and reformer whose teachings on predestination and the sovereignty of God led to the development of Reformed theology and influenced Protestant communities throughout Europe.

What is predestination according to John Calvin?

Predestination is the doctrine that God has eternally chosen those whom he intends to save, a key tenet of Calvin's teachings that emphasizes the absolute sovereignty of God.

What was Calvinism?

Calvinism, based on the teachings of John Calvin, is a branch of Protestantism that stresses the importance of God's sovereignty, Scripture as the sole authority, and the belief in predestination.

How did Martin Luther and John Calvin differ in their views on the Eucharist?

Luther believed in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist (consubstantiation), while Calvin viewed it more symbolically, emphasizing a spiritual presence rather than a physical one.