MOL-BIO LEC - Cells

Plasma Membrane

A selectively permeable lipid bilayer with phospholipids, glycoproteins, and carrier proteins that regulate molecular movement.

Phospholipids

Membrane components with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, forming a bilayer that interacts with water.

Active Transport

ATP-dependent movement of molecules from low to high concentration.

Passive Transport

Energy-free movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Cytoplasm

Semi-fluid substance containing organelles, cytosol, filaments, and storage materials.

Nucleus

Control center housing DNA, directing growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP through cellular respiration

Golgi Complex

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport via vesicles.

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis sites, found in the cytoplasm or on the rough ER

Smooth ER

Synthesizes phospholipids, digests lipids, and transports materials.

Rough ER

Protein-producing organelle covered in ribosomes, aiding extracellular protein and lysosomal enzyme synthesis.

Lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes to break down cellular waste and materials.

Cell Wall

Rigid outer layer that protects and maintains cell shape.

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis, using light energy to produce ATP and sugars.

Central Vacuole

Large, fluid-filled organelle storing nutrients and waste.

Interphase

Cell growth and preparation for division, including DNA replication

G1 Phase

Growth phase before DNA replication.

S Phase

DNA replication, forming sister chromatids.

G2 Phase

Preparation for mitosis, including mitochondria division and spindle fiber synthesis

G0 Phase

Resting phase where non-dividing cells remain quiescent or senescent.

Mitosis

Cell division producing two identical nuclei.

Prophase

Chromosomes condense, centrioles move, and spindle fibers form.

Metaphase

Chromosomes align at the equator and attach to spindle fibers.

Anaphase

Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

Telophase

Two new nuclei form as chromosomes decondense.

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells.

Meiosis

Two-stage division producing four haploid gametes.

Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material (crossing over).

Metaphase I

Homologous pairs align at the equator.

Anaphase I

Homologues separate, but chromatids stay together.

Telophase I

Cytoplasm divides, forming two haploid cells.

Interkinesis

Brief rest period between Meiosis I and II.

Prophase II

Chromosomes condense, and spindle fibers reform.

Metaphase II

Chromosomes align at the equator.

Anaphase II

Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

Telophase II

Cytoplasm divides, resulting in four haploid cells.