Acids, Bases, and Salts

pH scale

Measures acidity or alkalinity from 0 to 14.

Neutral pH

pH 7 indicates a neutral solution.

Acidic solution

pH less than 7 indicates acidity.

Alkaline solution

pH greater than 7 indicates alkalinity.

H+ concentration

Increases by a factor of 10 per pH unit drop.

Alkali

A base that dissolves in water.

Strong acid

Completely dissociates in aqueous solution.

Weak acid

Partially dissociates in aqueous solution.

Hydrogen ions

Released by acids in solution.

Hydroxide ions

Released by alkalis in solution.

Strong base

Fully dissociates to release OH- ions.

Weak base

Partially dissociates to release OH- ions.

Dilute solution

Contains fewer moles of solute per volume.

Concentrated solution

Contains more moles of solute per volume.

Neutralisation reaction

Acid reacts with base to form salt and water.

Salt formation

Depends on acid and positive ions in base.

Copper sulfate preparation

Use sulfuric acid and copper oxide.

Precipitation reaction

Forms insoluble salts from two solutions.

Titration

Measures volumes of acid and alkali reacting.

Indicator

Substance that changes color at neutralization point.

Concordant titres

Titres within 0.1 cm³ of each other.

Mean titre

Average of concordant titration results.

Carbon dioxide test

Limewater turns milky when CO2 is present.

Carbonate reaction

Reacts with dilute acids to produce CO2.

Sulfate test

White precipitate forms with barium chloride.

Reactivity series

Ranks metals by their reactivity.