HMW Fall Exam

Virgin Soil Epidemic

Communities at risk due to lack of previous contact with diseases, making them immunologically defenseless

policies to discourage population growth

- increase contraceptives and abortion practices

- increase education

- delayed reproduction

- punishments to those who have children (fines)

- genocide, famine, war, etc.

Policies to encourage population growth

- tax breaks for people with children

- encouraging immigration

- free childcare and cheaper birth

- gender equality

- paid work leave

China's One child policy

Families were restricted to only have one child in order to control population size

GMOs

Genetically modified organisms that are modified for various purposes, but can have nutritional and environmental concerns

Origin of Islam

Muhammad received revelations from Angel Gabriel from God. These revelations are known as the Quran, Islam's holy text)

five pillars of islam

key practices of muslims:

Shahadah: reciting the Muslim profession of faith

Salat: saying prayers in the proper way five times each day

Zakat: paying an alms (or charity) tax to benefit the poor and the needy

Sawm: fasting during the month of Ramadan.

Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca

Columbian Exchange

Trade of plants, food, diseases, and ideas between Central America and Europe in the 1500s

Thomas Malthus

English cleric who believed increased food production only increases population, not standard of living

Marquis de Condorcet

French philosopher who advocated for conservation, prevention of waste, female education, anti-slavery, and pro-women's suffrage

- Faith in science & technology

- Belief that technological advancements will improve population's access to food and stabilize population growth

Green Revolution

Agricultural revolution led by Norman Borlaug, increasing food production through technological advancements

Agricultural Revolution

Period in the 17th-19th centuries of increased food production, leading to population growth and eventually the industrial revolution

Irish Potato Famine

British took all of ireland's food, leaving them only with the diseased potatoes to eat

Agricultural Collectives

Common ownership of resources and pooling of labor and income, seen in Stalin's 5-year plans and Chinese famine

Stalin's 5 year plans

Joseph Stalin, the dictator of the Soviets, wanted rapid industrialization of agriculture in 1928

About 20 million died; peasants farm and sell food at low prices - the food is then exported out at high prices

Chinese Famine

Mao wanted to control agricultural production, so they put people into agricultural collectives and forced them to work and cultivate food; horrible conditions

Fertility Rate

average number of children to a woman

Birth/ death rate

number of births/deaths per 1000 people

Demographic Transition

birth and death rates dropping after time, causing population to level off

population pyramids

the more steady the line, the more stable the population; if the line is very curvy, interpret it in terms of birth/ death rate; includes gender studies as well.

Sunni and Shia

2 main branches of islam:

Sunni: believe in elections of their leader (85% of muslims)

Shia: believe Muhammad's successor should be blood related (15%)

Origins of Protestant Reformation

Criticism of Catholic Church, Martin Luther's 95 theses stating that faith alone could bring salvation (good deeds not necessarily needed)

Martin Luther

German theologian who argued for faith alone as means of salvation; criticized Catholic Church and wasn't a nobleman

King Henry VIII

King of England who started the Church of England after the pope denied him a divorce

english reformation

creation of the church of england

Pope Leo X

Head of Catholic Church during Protestant Reformation, known for selling forgiveness for sins (he took peoples' money). also was against martin luther.

Catherine de Medici

French queen regent who instigated St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, a conflict between Catholics and Protestants

French Wars of Religion

religious civil wars between Protestantism and Catholicism

England's path to democracy

Magna Carta, Petition of Right, Charles I Execution, English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, Glorious Revolution, English Bill of Rights, Regency Period, Reform Act of 1832

Magna Carta

First document stating the king is not above the law, containing laws applicable to all of England.

Barons forced King John to sign it, but it was later nullified by the Pope

Petition of Right

Charles I reaffirmed the Magna Carta, asserting 4 principles:

1. no taxes without he consent of parliament

2. no subject may be imprisoned without cause shown

3. no soldiers may be quartered upon the citizens

4. martial law may not be used in time of peace

Charles I Execution & the English Civil War

Conflict between Puritans/Parliament and the king, resulting in Charles I's execution

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of Parliament's forces during English Civil War.

He had many rivals, so after his death, he was dug up and his head was put on a stake.

Glorious Revolution

James II succeeded by his daughter Mary II, who established the English Bill of Rights

English Bill of Rights

Established freedom of parliament and individual freedoms, similar to the US Bill of Rights

Regency Period

Period where a king chooses a prime minister to handle most of the work.

Bc king isn't doing much work, this leads to the parliament selecting the prime minister.

Reform Act of 1832

Reforms for voting rights for the lower/middle class; broadening property qualification and expanding suffrage over time

Liberal Democracy

system that gives government the power to protect individual liberty but also prevents those who govern from abusing power. Main focus is individual freedom.

Illiberal Democracy

A procedural democracy, with elections, but without real competition, and lacking some civil rights and liberties.

Theocracy

A government guided by religious leaders

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a small group of powerful people

Authoritarianism

one person rules without participation of the people

totalitarianism

one ruler has total control and focuses on one guiding idea

absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition. chosen by god)

fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and militarism and no tolerance of opposition (cult-like)

Meritocracy

people get success or power because of their abilities, not because of their money or social position (ex: imperial system in china where everyone must pass a special test to determine their worth)

feudalism

a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return

Influence of Confucianism and bushido code on China/Japan

Confucius states that order and stability can be achieved by implementing virtues and shame instead of just having law and punishment.

The Bushido code is a moral code (followed by samurais) made up of virtues, which is the basis of Confusius' ideology.

Locke

believed in natural rights and government's role in protecting

Machiavelli

Political theorist who emphasized the importance of military strength and being feared as a leader (better to be feared than loved)

Mercantilism

Belief that wealth leads to a more powerful state, promoting economic activity and trade

Less wealthy countries had to give many of their products to their mother countries (like the game we played in class)

Guilds

Groups of people working together for mutual aid or common goals

Capitalism (market economy) - Adam Smith

Economic system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, advocated by Adam Smith.

Adam Smith was the father of capitalism and believed that government shouldn't interfere with the natural course of free trade

Socialism

advocates for equal sharing of resources; Robert Owen advocated for this.

Communism

envisions a classless society with common ownership of all resources. This idea was created by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx.

Marxism

predicts class struggles: lower class will revolt against upper class. This thought was produced by Karl Marx, and he also advocated for a classless society with Engkes.

Industrial Revolution & its effects

Period of technological advancements and mass production, leading to population growth and social changes

poor laws

government is responsible for aiding poor citizens financially

corn laws

taxes placed on imported food so domestic food was favored

combination acts/ riot acts

allows local officials to punish people who form unions or riot against higher classes

Hobbes

believed in a strong monarchy to maintain order.

The Enlightenment

a period in Europe when these ideas of societal order were passed around for people to understand equality and rights