ISS Sem 2 Final

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Geography

9th

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85 Terms

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economics

the study of how we make decisions in a world with limited resource

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What is the fundamental economic problem?

scarcity

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what is scarcity?

the fact that there are limited quantities of resources to meet unlimited wants

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what is TINSTAAFL

there is no such thing as a free lunch

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what are the three basic economic questions?

  1. What to produce
  2. how to produce
  3. for whom to produce
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what are the factors of production

  1. land/natural resources
  2. capital
  3. labor
  4. entrepreneur
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what is(are) land(natural resources)?

gifts of nature; not made by humans

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examples of capital

tools, equipment, and factories used to produce (not just money)

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what is labor?

people with efforts, abilities, and skills to produce

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what is an entrepreneur?

risk-taker in search of profits (uses other three factors)

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trade offs

exchanging one thing for the use of another

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opportunity cost

what you can’t buy or do when you choose to do or buy one thing rather than another; cost of trade off

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production possibilities graph

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good

something you can use or consume

  • food, shoes, car
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service

something that someone does for you

  • ex: haircut, oil change
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demand (2 def)

  1. combination of the desire, willingness, and ability to buy a good or service
  2. the amount of goods and services consumers are willing to buy at various prices at a particular time
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law of demand

consumers will buy more of a product at lover prices and less at higher prices

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shortage

when quantity demanded exceeds quantity supply

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surplus

when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded

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Law of diminishing marginal utility

the more of an item that you use or consume, the less satisfaction you get from each additional unit consumed or used

  • ex: eating a pizza
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demand scheduele

table that lists the various quantities of a product or service that someone is willing to buy over a range of possible prices

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demand curve

curve that shows the quantities demanded at all possible prices

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change in quantity demanded

only a change in price can cause a change

  • when price ↑ quantity demand ↓
  • when price ↓ quantity demand ↑
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change in demand

A change in consumer demand for a specific product or service that is not influenced by the price of the product or service

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law of supply

principle that more will be offered for sale at higher prices than at lower prices

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supply

the amount of a product offered for sale at all possible prices

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supply scheduele

listing of the various quantities of a particular product supplied at all possible prices in the market

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supply curve

graph showing the different amounts of a product supplied over a range of possible prices

<p>graph showing the different amounts of a product supplied over a range of possible prices</p>
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equilibrium

quantity demanded = quantity supplied

<p>quantity demanded = quantity supplied</p>
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economy systems

  1. traditional
  2. command
  3. market
  4. mixed
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traditional system

decisions made according to long-established ways of behaving

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command system

government controls the economy

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market system

private individuals own the factors of production and are free to make their own choices about production, distribution, and consumption

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mixed system

capitalism dominates with varying degrees of gov. regulation and manipulation

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cardinal directions

  1. North
  2. South
  3. East
  4. West
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absolute location

the description of where something is located using some system of giving an exact spot

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which way do latitude lines go?

horizontal

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which way do longitude lines go?

vertical

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5 themes of geography

  1. location
  2. place
  3. human-environment interaction
  4. movement
  5. region
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place

tells what the physical features and humans features of the place

  • What is it like?
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human-environment interaction

the interaction between human society and the ecosystem and physical environment

  • How are humans and the environment shaping each other?
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movement

why/where/how do people, objects, and information move?

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what are push and pull factors?

what makes people want to leave or go to a certain place

  • push = emigrate
  • pull = immigrate
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What are some examples of push factors?

  • loss of job
  • political or religious persecution
  • war
  • disease
  • etc.
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what are some examples of pull factors?

  • safety
  • peace
  • resources
  • work
  • culture and ideals
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region

an area defined by similar characteristics

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What does GPS stand for?

global positioning system

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how does GPS work?

listens to the signals of multiple satellites to get an accurate location

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how many satellites have to be visible for GPS to work?

4

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what is a biome?

a large region with a certain climate and certain types of living things

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what biomes are found in South America?

  • Amazon Rainforest
  • Andes Mountains
  • Atacama Desert
  • Brazilian Highlands
  • Gran Chaco
  • Patagonian Desert.
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why are rainforests located where they are?

there’s a lot of direct sunlight at the equator which causes a lot of evaporation → rainforests

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why are deserts located at 30° N+S latitude?

the circulation patterns of air put all the hot dry air at these places and the intense sunlight adds to that

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describe the desert biome

very dry with little water

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describe the taiga biome

characterized by it’s long, cold winters and short summers

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describe the savanna biome

characterized by grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs and has a dry and wet season.

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describe the deciduous forest biome

characterized by trees that lose their leaves seasonally, and have moderate temperatures that vary throughout the year

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characteristics of grass

  • spread their pollen by wind
  • grow very fast
  • leaves grow from the base, not the top
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why has grass been important in human history?

it has supported cattle and other resources needed for survival

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why is grass important to us today?

it includes some of our most important crops

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describe the jungle biome

  • densely forested area with high levels of precipitation and humidity
  • characterized by tall trees, thick vegetation, and a diverse range of plant and animal species
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how does plate tectonics work?

plates under the Earth that can move and cause changes in Earth’s surface

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what drives the process of plate movement?

convection currents

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what are the two types of plates?

continental plates and oceanic plates

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what do convergent plates form?

mountains and volcanoes

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what do divergent plates form

mountain valleys and rifts

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what’s the ring of fire?

a region around the Pacific Ocean where a lot of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur because of the movement of tectonic plates

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why do we study tectonic plates?

to better understand processes and outcomes like mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes and their effect on people’s lives and culture

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African slave trade

  • “pawnship”
  • slaves were often accepted into the new tribe
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Where is Guatemala on a map?

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Where is Venezuela on a map?

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Where is Brazil on a map?

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Where is Argentina on a map?

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Where is Nigeria on a map?

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Where is Egypt on a map?

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Where is Libya on a map?

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Where is Ethiopia on a map?

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Where is India on a map?

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Where is North Korea on a map?

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Where is Japan on a map?

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Where is Vietnam on a map?

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Where is the Panama Canal?

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Where is the Amazon River?

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Where is the Nile River?

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Where are the Himalayas?

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