ISS Sem 2 Final

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Geography

9th

85 Terms

1

economics

the study of how we make decisions in a world with limited resource

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2

What is the fundamental economic problem?

scarcity

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3

what is scarcity?

the fact that there are limited quantities of resources to meet unlimited wants

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4

what is TINSTAAFL

there is no such thing as a free lunch

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5

what are the three basic economic questions?

  1. What to produce

  2. how to produce

  3. for whom to produce

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6

what are the factors of production

  1. land/natural resources

  2. capital

  3. labor

  4. entrepreneur

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7

what is(are) land(natural resources)?

gifts of nature; not made by humans

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8

examples of capital

tools, equipment, and factories used to produce (not just money)

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9

what is labor?

people with efforts, abilities, and skills to produce

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10

what is an entrepreneur?

risk-taker in search of profits (uses other three factors)

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11

trade offs

exchanging one thing for the use of another

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12

opportunity cost

what you can’t buy or do when you choose to do or buy one thing rather than another; cost of trade off

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13

production possibilities graph

<p></p>
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14

good

something you can use or consume

  • food, shoes, car

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15

service

something that someone does for you

  • ex: haircut, oil change

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16

demand (2 def)

  1. combination of the desire, willingness, and ability to buy a good or service

  2. the amount of goods and services consumers are willing to buy at various prices at a particular time

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17

law of demand

consumers will buy more of a product at lover prices and less at higher prices

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18

shortage

when quantity demanded exceeds quantity supply

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19

surplus

when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded

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20

Law of diminishing marginal utility

the more of an item that you use or consume, the less satisfaction you get from each additional unit consumed or used

  • ex: eating a pizza

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21

demand scheduele

table that lists the various quantities of a product or service that someone is willing to buy over a range of possible prices

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22

demand curve

curve that shows the quantities demanded at all possible prices

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23

change in quantity demanded

only a change in price can cause a change

  • when price ↑ quantity demand ↓

  • when price ↓ quantity demand ↑

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24

change in demand

A change in consumer demand for a specific product or service that is not influenced by the price of the product or service

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25

law of supply

principle that more will be offered for sale at higher prices than at lower prices

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26

supply

the amount of a product offered for sale at all possible prices

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27

supply scheduele

listing of the various quantities of a particular product supplied at all possible prices in the market

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28

supply curve

graph showing the different amounts of a product supplied over a range of possible prices

<p>graph showing the different amounts of a product supplied over a range of possible prices</p>
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29

equilibrium

quantity demanded = quantity supplied

<p>quantity demanded = quantity supplied</p>
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30

economy systems

  1. traditional

  2. command

  3. market

  4. mixed

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31

traditional system

decisions made according to long-established ways of behaving

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32

command system

government controls the economy

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33

market system

private individuals own the factors of production and are free to make their own choices about production, distribution, and consumption

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34

mixed system

capitalism dominates with varying degrees of gov. regulation and manipulation

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35

cardinal directions

  1. North

  2. South

  3. East

  4. West

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36

absolute location

the description of where something is located using some system of giving an exact spot

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37

which way do latitude lines go?

horizontal

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38

which way do longitude lines go?

vertical

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39

5 themes of geography

  1. location

  2. place

  3. human-environment interaction

  4. movement

  5. region

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40

place

tells what the physical features and humans features of the place

  • What is it like?

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41

human-environment interaction

the interaction between human society and the ecosystem and physical environment

  • How are humans and the environment shaping each other?

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42

movement

why/where/how do people, objects, and information move?

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43

what are push and pull factors?

what makes people want to leave or go to a certain place

  • push = emigrate

  • pull = immigrate

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44

What are some examples of push factors?

  • loss of job

  • political or religious persecution

  • war

  • disease

  • etc.

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45

what are some examples of pull factors?

  • safety

  • peace

  • resources

  • work

  • culture and ideals

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46

region

an area defined by similar characteristics

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47

What does GPS stand for?

global positioning system

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48

how does GPS work?

listens to the signals of multiple satellites to get an accurate location

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49

how many satellites have to be visible for GPS to work?

4

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50

what is a biome?

a large region with a certain climate and certain types of living things

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51

what biomes are found in South America?

  • Amazon Rainforest

  • Andes Mountains

  • Atacama Desert

  • Brazilian Highlands

  • Gran Chaco

  • Patagonian Desert.

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52

why are rainforests located where they are?

there’s a lot of direct sunlight at the equator which causes a lot of evaporation → rainforests

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53

why are deserts located at 30° N+S latitude?

the circulation patterns of air put all the hot dry air at these places and the intense sunlight adds to that

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54

describe the desert biome

very dry with little water

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55

describe the taiga biome

characterized by it’s long, cold winters and short summers

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56

describe the savanna biome

characterized by grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs and has a dry and wet season.

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57

describe the deciduous forest biome

characterized by trees that lose their leaves seasonally, and have moderate temperatures that vary throughout the year

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58

characteristics of grass

  • spread their pollen by wind

  • grow very fast

  • leaves grow from the base, not the top

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59

why has grass been important in human history?

it has supported cattle and other resources needed for survival

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60

why is grass important to us today?

it includes some of our most important crops

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61

describe the jungle biome

  • densely forested area with high levels of precipitation and humidity

  • characterized by tall trees, thick vegetation, and a diverse range of plant and animal species

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62

how does plate tectonics work?

plates under the Earth that can move and cause changes in Earth’s surface

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63

what drives the process of plate movement?

convection currents

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64

what are the two types of plates?

continental plates and oceanic plates

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65

what do convergent plates form?

mountains and volcanoes

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66

what do divergent plates form

mountain valleys and rifts

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67

what’s the ring of fire?

a region around the Pacific Ocean where a lot of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur because of the movement of tectonic plates

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68

why do we study tectonic plates?

to better understand processes and outcomes like mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes and their effect on people’s lives and culture

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69

African slave trade

  • “pawnship”

  • slaves were often accepted into the new tribe

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70

Where is Guatemala on a map?

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71

Where is Venezuela on a map?

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72

Where is Brazil on a map?

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73

Where is Argentina on a map?

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74

Where is Nigeria on a map?

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75

Where is Egypt on a map?

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76

Where is Libya on a map?

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77

Where is Ethiopia on a map?

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78

Where is India on a map?

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79

Where is North Korea on a map?

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80

Where is Japan on a map?

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81

Where is Vietnam on a map?

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82

Where is the Panama Canal?

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83

Where is the Amazon River?

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84

Where is the Nile River?

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85

Where are the Himalayas?

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