Solutions, Molarity, and Acids/Bases Vocabulary

Flashcards covering vocabulary from the solutions, molarity, and acid/base lecture.

Solvent

The substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution. Usually more plentiful

Solute

One or more substances dissolved in a solution

Solution

A mixture in which the solute is uniformly distributed within the solvent.

Molarity

Moles of solute per liters of solution (mol/litres)

Concentrated solutions

Solutions with high molarity or a large number of solute particles.

Dilute solutions

Solutions with a low number of solute particles.

Dilution Equation

Used to predict the concentration of a diluted solution: M1V1 = M2V2

Acidic solutions

Solutions with a higher concentration of H+ ions.

Basic solutions

Solutions with a higher concentration of OH- ions.

Acid

Donates H+ ions in solution (Arrhenius)

Base

Accepts H+ ions in solution (Arrhenius)

Conjugate base

Acid after it donates a proton.

Conjugate acid

Base after it accepts a proton.

Amphoteric substance

A substance that can act as both an acid and a base.

Strong acid

An acid that completely dissociates in solution.

Strong base

A base that completely dissociates in solution.

Weak acid

An acid that only partially dissociates in solution.

Weak base

A base that only partially dissociates in solution

What is the universal solvent?

Water

What is Arrhenius’ law about acids?

Acids are H+ containing compounds that ionize to yield H+ in aqueous solution

What is Arrhenius’ law about bases?

Bases are OH- containing compounds that ionize to yield OH-

What is Bronsted-Lowry’s law about acids?

Bases are hydrogen ion donors

What is Bronsted-Lowry’s law about bases?

Bases are hydrogen ion acceptors

What is a conjugate acid?

An acid that forms when a base gains a proton

What is a conjugate base?

A base that forms when an acid loses a proton

What are the strong bases?

NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide), KOH (Potassium Hydroxide), RbOH (Rubidium Hydroxide), CsOH (Cesium Hydroxide), Ca(OH)2 (Calcium Hydroxide), Ba(OH)2 (Barium Hydroxide)

What are the weak acids?

HF (Hydrofluoric Acid), HC2H3O2 (Acetic Acid), H2S (Hydrosulfuric Acid), H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid), HClO (Hypochlorous Acid)

What makes a substance strong vs weak?

The amount of dissociation determines an acid or base is strong or weak (high dissociation is stronger)

What do the terms ‘weak and strong’ refer to?

They refer to the level of dissociation

What do the terms ‘dilute’ and ‘concentrated’ refer to?

They refer to the amount of solute compared to solvent

If a solution is under 1 molarity, what does that indicate?

That the solution is a dilute

If the solution is 1 molarity or over, what does that indicate?

That the solution is concentrated

What is the ion-product constant for water (Kw)?

Kw=[H+] x [OH-] = 1 × 10^-14 M

Do acidic solutions have a greater [H+] or [OH-] concentration?

The hydrogen concentration is higher

What type of solution has a pH that is less than 7?

Acidic solutions

Do basic solutions have a greater [H+] or [OH-] concentration?

The hydroxide concentration is higher

What type of solution has a pH that is greater than 7?

Basic solutions

What is a pH meter?

An electronic device that measures pH (most accurate)

What is pH paper?

Measure pH at various ranges depending on what indicator is embedded in paper

If you use red litmus paper and the paper stays red, is it an acid or base?

Acid

If you use red litmus paper and the paper turns blue, is it an acid or base?

Base

If you use blue litmus paper and the paper stays blue, is it an acid or base?

Base

If you use blue litmus paper and the paper turns red, is it an acid or base?

Acid

What are the different indicators?

Methyl Orange, Litmus, Bromothymol Blue, Phenolphthalein, Thymol Blue

What color does methyl orange turn if the solution is an acid?

Red

What color does methyl orange turn if the solution is an base?

Yellow

What is the transition color for methyl orange?

Orange

What is the transition range for methyl orange?

3.2-4.4

What color does litmus turn if the solution is an acid?

Red

What color does litmus turn if the solution is an base?

Blue

What is the transition color for litmus?

Pink

What is the transition range for litmus?

5.5-8.0

What color does bromothymol blue turn if the solution is an acid?

Yellow

What color does bromothymol blue turn if the solution is a base?

Blue

What is the transition color for bromothymol blue?

Green

What is the transition range for bromothymol blue?

6.0-7.6

What color does phenolphthalein turn if the solution is an acid?

Colorless

What color does phenolphthalein turn if the solution is a base?

Magenta

What is the transition color for phenophalein?

Pink

What is the transition range for phenolphthalein?

8.2-10.6

What color does thymol blue turn if the solution is an acid?

Yellow

What color does thymol blue turn if the solution is a base?

Blue

What is the transition color for thymol blue?

Green

What is the transition range for thymol blue?

8.0-9.6

What is a transition range?

Range in which gives a more specific pH reading

What is the formula for a neutralization reaction?

Acid+Base yields salt+H2O

What is an equivalence point?

The point in titration when moles of [H+] and [OH-] are equal

What is an endpoint?

The point in titration when the indicator used in the titration changes colors

What is a standard solution?

A solution of known concentration used in titrations to determine the concentration of an unknown solution

What are the properties of acids?

Sour or tart in taste, conduct electricity in solution, react with some metals to produce hydrogen gas

What are the properties of bases?

Aqueous solutions taste bitter, feel slippery, conducts electricity in solution, reacts with oils fats and waxes