Correctional Systems Exam Review

When all forms of correctional supervision are taken into account, what percent of all adults in the United States are under some form of correctional control?

Nearly 3% of all adults are under some form of correctional control.

Counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens are incarcerated?

2.3 million in the US.

Approximately how much does are criminal justice system currently cost?

$200 billion a year.

What county incarcerates the most people in the world?

USA

What country sentences people to the longest duration of time in the world?

USA

What, according to your text, is the central purpose of punishment?

To carry out the criminal sentence.

According to your text, corrections ideally serves which goal(s)?

Ideally serve the goals of fair punishment and community protection.

In the early days, what was the purpose of punishment as a public spectacle?

General deterrence

The Penitentiary Act was based upon four core principles. What are they?

A secure and sanitary structure, systematic inspection, abolish of fees, reformatory regimen.

The concept of separate confinement was introduced in several locations, however, one became the fullest expression of rehabilitation through separate confinement. What is it? Hint: We covered this facility extensively in class and watched a video on it.

Eastern State Penitentiary

The "congregate" system of prison discipline was first instituted at what institution? Hint: We covered this facility extensively in class and watched a video on it.

Sing Sing

Who designed Eastern State Penitentiary? What was this design style?

John Haviland and it is a Gothic style facility designed in a wheel shape with a central hub

Which Early Prison System was designed around agricultural labor?

Southern System

Which goal of corrections asserts that a person who has infringed the rights of others deserves to be penalized or punished?

Retribution

According to this goal of corrections, offenders are returned to society once they are cured.

Reintegration

Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the public and to discourage the commission of offenses by others is known as what correctional goal?

General deterrence

Depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detention in prison, represents this goal of corrections?

Incapacitation

Punishment designed to repair damage to both victim and community represents this goal of corrections?

Restoration

What is the difference between determinate and indeterminate sentencing? Explain and give an example of each.

a. Determinate: a fixed period of incarceration imposed by a court. Ex: 10 years in prison

b. Indeterminate: a period of incarceration with minimum and maximum terms stipulated so that the parole eligibility depends on the time necessary for treatment. Ex: 10-20 years in prison.

The right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment is found in which Amendment?

Eighth Amendment

What is corporal punishment? Describe at least five ways corporal punishment was carried out in early corrections history?

a. Punishment inflicted on the convicted person's body with whips or other devices that cause pain. Any physical pain except death.

b. Galley Slavery

c. Liar's tongues were cut off and thief's hands were cut off.

d. Flogging

e. Pillory

f. The birdcage

What is capital punishment? Describe at least five ways capital punishment was carried out in early corrections history?

a. Death

b. Boiled Alive

c. Bamboo Torture

d. Impaling

e. Iron Maiden

f. Hanged

Discuss the contributions of Cesare Beccaria to criminal justice and corrections.

Wrote An Essay on Crimes and Punishments in 1764. Led to the first attempt to explain crime in secular terms instead of religious terms. Pointed to injustices in the administration of criminal law. Made classical criminology

Discuss the contributions of Jeremy Bentham to criminal justice and corrections.

a. Hedonistic calculus (pain vs pleasure analysisb. Utilitarianism: all actions should be "the greatest happiness of the greatest number"i. Advocate of the utilitarianism in prison management and disciplineii. Argued for the treatment and reform of convicted individuals.

What were the first 3 federal facilities?

Leavenworth, McNeil, Atlanta

What is a correctional ideology?

an underlying thought or idea about what the purpose of corrections should be

What is a correctional goal?

how we take the ideology and put it into practice