Biology MCAS

DNA

>Contains hereditary information in the Nucleus in each of the genes
>Genes code for everything in our bodies
>is too big to leave the cell
>Deoxyribonucleic Acid
>Double stranded molecule

RNA

>Classified as a Nucleotide
>is the messenger between DNA and Ribosomes
>Contains Uricil

mRNA

>Copies DNA in the Nucleus and carries info to ribosomes into cytoplasm

rRNA

>Ribosomal DNA
>Makes up a large part of the ribosomes
>Reads and decodes mRNA

tRNA

>Transport RNA
>Carries Amino Acids to the Ribosomes

Translation

>Reading the mana code and assemblying amino acids into ploypeptides

Transcriptoin

>Copying DNA code into mRNA

Metaphase

>Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell
>Spindle fibers attach to each sister chromatin at the centriomire

Telophase

>Chromosomes return to chromatin form
>Nuclear membranes and nucleus reform spindel fibers disapaer
>Nucles divison is complete

Anaphase

>Spindle Fibers contract and pull apart the chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell

Early/Late Prophase

Interphase

>Nucleus is still intact
>Nucleous is still visible
>DNA is in chromatin form

Nucleotide

>Monomer name for DNA
>Basic building block
>Contains phospate

Nucleic Acid

>Organic Compound
>Two chains of nucleotides carry genetic information

N Base

>Subunit of Nucleotide, A T C G

Deoxyribose

>5 Carbon sugar that is a submit of a nucleotide

Phosphate Group

>Subunit of a nuclotide

Base Pairing Rules

A-T C-G

Chromosomes

>Tightly coiled strands of DNA that carries genetic information

Respitory System

>System of the body where the blood picks up O2 and drops off extra CO2

Diaphragm

>Dome shaped muscle that contracts and relaxes to change air pressure in the lungs

Trachea

>Windpipe tube that connects the Larynx, Pharynx and Lungs

Lungs

>Two large ballon shaped muscles that contract to bring O2 into the body and exhale CO2

Alviol

>Bronchioles end here in clusters of tiny sacks (look like grapes)

Gene

>Section of DNA on a chromosome

Allele

>Different form of a trait
>One allele from each parent

Homozygous

>Having the same 2 alleles for genetic trait

Heterozygous

>Having two different alleles for the same trait

Dominant

>the trait that expresses itself over another

Recessive

>The trait that is masked or hidden by the dominant trait

Genotype

>The gene make up of a trait expressed as a set of capital and lower case letters

Phenotype

>The physical presentation of the genetic presentation

Law of Independent Assortment

>The law that states the genes separate independently of one another in meiosis

Law of Segregation

>Mendel's law that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

Monosacharide

>One unit of sugar

Polysaccharide

>Two or more sugar units

Disaccharide

>Two sugar units

Capillary

>Network of small vessels that connect arteries and veins throughout the body
>Are the smallest and reach every part of the body
>Brings blood from the heart to the body

Vein

>Vessel that carries blood back to the heart
>Second largest

Artery

>Vessel that carries the blood from your heart to the rest of your body
>Largest of the three

Heart

> 4 chambered muscle that pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body

Circulatory System

>Carries blood to all parts of the body through a network of arteries, veins and capillaries

Carbohydrate Characteristics

>Makes sugars and starches
>C H O
>Short term energy
>Dissolves in water

Hypertonic

>High concentrate of solute
>If a cell is submerged in this it shrinks

Hypotonic

>Low concentration of solute
>If cell is submerged in this it explodes

Isotonic

>The same/even concentration
>Keeps cells at homeostasis

Glycerol

>Building block for lipids

Red Blood Cells

>Carries oxygen and CO2
>Contains platelets

White Blood Cells

>Breaks down illnesses
>Contains plasma

Platelets

>Stops bleeding in a cut

Cardiac Conduction

>Beating of the heart through electrical impulses

4 Heart Chambers

Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle

Neuron

>The basic functioning unit of the nervous system
>Over 100 Billion of these specialized cells in the brain alone

Sensory Neurons

>Type of neuron responsible for sending impulses towards the CNS

Central Nervous System

>CNS
>Responsible for processing all incoming information to determine a proper bodily response.
>Consists of the brain and spinal cord

Motor Neurons

>Type of neuron responsible for sending impulse from the CNS to different organs throughout the body to react to different tasks

Dendrite

>Receives electrical impulses from neighboring neurons

Axon

>Transfers electrical impulses signals from the cell body to the synapse

Impulse

>Fast moving electrical signals passed from neurons to neurons that can travel throughout the body at speeds of 150 m/s

Peripheral Nervous System

>PNS
>Made of many nerves that connect all areas of the body to the
CNS

Brain

>It is also one of the largest and most complex organs in the body
>Main parts include, Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem, Pititutary Gland, Hypothalathamus

Spinal Cord

>The main pathway for information connecting the brain and the PNS
>It is protected by bones called vertebrae

Stimulus

>A change in an environment that triggers the reaction of a neuron.
>Ex: physical movements or stress chemicals, light, temp, etc

Reflex

Involuntary and nearly instaneous movement in response to a stimulus

Synapse

>Sends electrical impulses to neighboring neurons
>Has too jump over an empty space to get to the next neuron

Myelin Sheaths

>Covers the axon and works like insulation to help keep electrical signals inside the cell, which allows them to move more quickly

Soma

>The cell body which contains most of the cells organelles

Nucleus

>Main control of the cell
>Contains DNA

Immigration

>Movement of individuals into a population

Births

>Amount of individuals born into a population

Emigration

>Amount of individuals that are leaving somewhere

Deaths

>Size of population decreasing when people die

Geographic Dispersion

>of a population shows how individuals are spread out

Population Density

>The number of people that live in one defined area

Experimental Growth

>Occurs when population size increases dramatically over a period of time

Logistical Growth

>Begins with periods of slow growth followed by brief exponential growth before leveling off

Density Dependent

>Affected by the number of people in a given area

Density Independent

>Aspects of environmental that limits population growth regardless of density

Selectively Permeable

>Choose what can come in and what can go out
>EX: cell membrane

Order of Classification

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Organization of Life

Biosphere---Earth
Ecosystem---Forest
Community---All living things in a marsh
Population---Herd of Bison
Organism---Squid
Organ System---Digestive System
Organs---Kidney
Tissue---Nerve
Cells---Epidermis
Organelles---Nucleus
Molecules---
Elements---Oxygen
Subatomic Particles---Electron

Metric Conversation

Growth and Development

>The series of changes that an organism undergoes during its lifetime

Autotroph

>An organism that obtains energy through the process of photosynthesis

Homeostasis

>An organisms ability to maintain a stable internal environment

Metabolism

>The process by which an organism takes in material from the environment and transforms them into useable energy

Heterotroph

>An organism that obtains energy by eating other animals

Kingdom

>Taxonomic system with six groups of organisms falling into it

Eukaryote

>An organism made up of cells containing membrane bound organelles and can be found in plantae, animalia, fungi and protista.

Domain

>Taxonomic System with three groups that fall into it

Sexual Reproduction

Form of reproduction that needs two parents, a male and female, to produce and offspring

Evolution

>Gradual change over time

Asexual Reproduction

>Form of reproduction done by using one parent that copies the DNA into two different copies

Organism

>Anything that carries out life process
>A living thing

Prokaryote

>Single celled organism congaing no membrane bound organelles (Studio Apartment)

Response to Stimuli

>A response to a physical or chemical change in an environment

Biosphere

>The part of the Earth where life exists in all the living components

Metric System

>System that uses grams, liter and meters

Gram

>Measurement of mass

Meter

>Measurement of distance or length