Immunology & Immunopathology Lecture 1 - Innate Immunity Flashcards

Flashcards generated from lecture notes for Immunology and Immunopathology (BMLS 216) to help students review and prepare for exams.

Immunity is a _ _.

A material term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion.

Immune =

From being affected, influenced, or harmed by something. Free from.

The immune system has two lines of defense: and .

Innate (nonspecific) immunity and adaptive (specific) immunity.

Innate immunity is and adaptive immunity is .

Nonspecific; specific

Innate immunity involves exposure and adaptive immunity involves exposure.

Primary; Secondary

Examples of cells involved in immunity include , , and .

Monocyte, neutrophil, phagocytes.

Examples of substances involved in immunity include and .

Lyzozymes; interferon

are also known as null cells.

Natural killer cells.

__ is the directed movement of cells in response to a chemical signal.

Movement of a cell/ organism in response to a chemical stimulant.

__ is the process by which cells move from the bloodstream into tissues.

Migration of blood cells (especially leucocytes) through the intact walls of blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.

Louis Pasteur referred to of weakened bacterial culture a “vaccine” in honor of Jenner.

Injection of weakened bacterial culture.

Metchnikoff discovered that ingest microbes and particles.

Phagocytic cells.

Von Behring and Kitasato discovered could transfer immunity.

Blood sera.

Discovery of active component of blood is .

Gamma globulin.

The discovery of linked lymphocytes to both cellular and humoral immunity.

T and B cells.

__ contribute to immunity.

Both Cells and serum.

Adaptive immunity can be or .

Natural and artificial.

Natural immunity can be further divided into and immunity.

Passive and active.

Artificial immunity can be further divided into and immunity.

Passive; Active

Natural passive immunity is also known as .

Maternal.

Natural active immunity is also known as .

Infection.

Artificial passive immunity is also known as .

Antibody transfer.

Artificial active immunity is also known as .

Immunization.

Innate immunity is the line of defense.

First.

Innate immunity provides a defense.

Rapid

The response of innate immunity is on re-exposure to antigen.

The same.

Innate immunity has memory cell.

No.

Innate immunity recognize and react against .

Microbes only.

Innate immunity of microbes and which entered the host.

Block entry; eliminate succeeded microbes.

The is a physical barrier in innate immunity.

Epidermis.

The is a physical barrier in innate immunity.

Keratinocyte.

The is a physical barrier in innate immunity.

Epithelium of mucous membrane.

protect against invasion of microbes.

Cilia.

is a mechanical barrier.

Longitudinal flow of air and fluid & movement of mucus by cilia.

are chemical barriers found in the skin.

α & β defensin lysozyme& Ribonuclease (Rnase)& Dnase

is a chemical barrier found in the respiratory tract.

β defensin.

are chemical barriers found in the GIT.

α defensin & pepsin & lysozyme.

of stomach kills ingested microbes.

HCL.

in tears in eye.

Lysozyme.

in serum and tears, breaks down the bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan).

Lysozyme.

Interferon induces state in uninfected cells and activates other cells which kill pathogens.

Antiviral.

are surface proteins found on many different cells of the body.

Integrins.

inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria.

Commensal microbes or flora.

Macrophages & neutrophil cells are .

Phagocytes.

are cytokines.

TNF & IL1 & IL12 & IFNγ & chemokines.

are part of complement component.

Alternative pathway and lectin pathway.

(such as CRP) interact with the complement system proteins to combat infections.

Acute phase proteins.

participates in lectin pathway of complement.

Mannose Binding Lectin.

coats microbes and help in phagocytosis.

C Reactive Protein.

The receptors of innate cells recognize structures called .

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause.

Inflammation.

The damaged cells release chemicals such as , , and .

Histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins.

These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing .

Swelling.

is movement of a cell/ organism in response to a chemical stimulant.

Chemotaxis.

is the migration of blood cells through the intact walls of blood vessels into the surrounding tissue

Diapedesis.

The process of engulfing and destroying foreign particles is called .

Phagocytosis.

is formed from a collection of dead tissue, dead bacteria, and live and dead phagocytes.

Pus.

Delivery of phagocytic cell to site of infection is .

Diapedesis.

Chemotactic factors as chemokines & complement (C3a & C4a & C5a) attract phagocytes towards microbes in tissue is known as .

Chemotaxis.

To bind to target cells is .

Opsonization.

Opsonins are or .

Antibodies or C3b.

of target Cell membrane of phagocytes invaginate to enclose microbe.

Ingestion.

Microbe become in cytoplasm’s surrounded by cell membrane is .

Phagosome.

Phagosome fuses with lysosome forming to kill microbe.

Phagolysosome.

Intracellular killing can be by .

O2 dependent system ( Respiratory bursts ).

damage permeability barrier in bacteria & fungi & virus

Lysosomal granules.

chelating iron.

Lactoferrin.

Digestion by macrophage is by __.

Lysosomal enzymes

K5 capsule and O75 O antigen on the surface of __.

E. Coli

Can kill phagocyte either before or after phagocytosis (Eg use of , , and to form pores in the phagocyte's cell membranes)

Cytolysins, streptolysins and leukocidins.

Primary lymphatic organs are and the .

Red bone marrow and the thymus gland

Secondary lymphatic organs are , etc.

Spleen, lymph nodes etc.

Formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells.

Hematopoiesis.

Prenatally, hematopoiesis occurs in the , then in the , and lastly in the .

Yolk sack, then in the liver, and lastly in the bone marrow.

Hematopoietic growth factors include, , , and .

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GSF) Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor Thrombopoietin, Interleukin-11 Keratinocyte growth factor.

Antigen presenting cells includes .

Dendritic cells Macrophages B lymphocytes.

Dendritic cells, Macrophages and B lymphocytes occur in the of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract.

Epithelium.

Function of Dendritic cells, Macrophages and B lymphocytes are to , , .

Capture and transport antigens to the peripheral lymphoid tissues process antigens Present the peptides derived from these antigens to T lymphocytes.

Protein antigen taken from extracellular environment are part of __.

Class II MHC pathway.

Cytosolic proteins e.g. intracellular microbes are part of __.

Class I MHC pathway.

Proteins are degraded by in Class II MHC pathway.

Lysosomal proteases.

Proteins are degraded by a structure called in Class I MHC pathway.

Proteosome.

The resulting peptides are presented to with class II MHC molecules.

CD4+ cells.

The resulting peptides are presented to with class I MHC molecules.

CD8+ cells.

Antigen are generally __.

Protein.

B cell recognize any biological Ag, therefore .

Not MHC restricted

T cell recognize Ag presented on MHC.

Peptide.

Smallest portion of an Ag which bind with BCR&T cell receptors are __.

Epitopes (antigenic determinants).

If Ag contain multiple epitopes, it is called __ .

Multivalent Ag.

Large Ag with epitopes capable of binding with immune receptor and inducing immune response are __.

Immunogens.

A small Ag with epitopes capable of binding with immune receptor and without inducing immune response are __.

Haptens.

Self Ag (MHC) normally do not stimulate immune system are __.

Tolerogens.