2.3 Kohlberg's theory

Level 1: Preconventional Morality

Morality externally controlled, decisions aim to avoid punishment or gain rewards.

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation

Right and wrong determined by consequences.

Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose (Self-interest) Orientation

Actions driven by personal benefit or reward.

Level 2: Conventional Morality

Morality guided by social rules, approval, and maintaining order.

Stage 3: Interpersonal Accord and Conformity

Emphasis on being “good” and meeitng social expectations.

Stage 4: Authority and Social Order Maintaining Orientation

Upholding laws and fulfilling duties to maintain societal order.

Level 3: Postconventional Morality

Reasoning based on abstract principles and universal rights, not everyone reaches this level.

Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights

Laws are seen as a social agreements, may be challenged for human rights.

Stage 6: Universal Ethics Principles

Morality based on internalized principles such as justice and human rights.

Carol Gilligan ____ the theory for _____ justice over_____-based reasoning and relying on ____-only research samples.

Carol Gilligan criticized the theory for prioritizing justice over care-based reasoning and relying on male-only research samples.