Comp Prog Java 24-25 Master Flashcards LHS

1st Generation Computers

Used vacuum tubes.

2nd Generation Computers

Used transistors.

3rd Generation Computers

Used integrated circuits.

4th Generation Computers

Used microprocessors.

Bits

The binary unit; 2^N possible numbers with N bits.

Logic Gates

Building blocks of CPU used to perform logical operations.

AND Gate

Both inputs must be one for output to be one.

OR Gate

One or the other input needs to be one for output to be one.

NAND Gate

Universal gate that is the opposite of AND gate.

NOR Gate

Universal gate that is the opposite of OR gate.

XOR Gate

Outputs 0 if both inputs are the same, otherwise outputs 1.

Binary

The base 2 number system that computers use to understand code.

Hexadecimal

The base 16 number system.

Algorithm

A step by step list of instructions to solve a problem.

Compiler

Translates code to machine language ahead of time for faster execution.

Interpreter

Converts high-level language to machine language line by line.

Syntax Error

An easy-to-find bug due to typos or mistakes in language rules.

Semantic Error

An error in the sequence of instructions; common and hardest to find.

Runtime Error

An error found when running the code after compilation.

Comments in Code

Lines in code that do not affect execution, meant for notes.

Variables

Names that refer to objects or values in programming.

Data Types

Every object in Python has a specific type.

Float

A data type representing a number with a decimal point.

Type Function

A function that finds the type of a given object.

Parse Error

A syntax error occurring in the line preceding the error.

Global Variables

Variables defined outside of any function; can be accessed globally.

Local Variables

Variables defined within a function; do not affect global variables.

Accumulator Pattern

A programming pattern used to iteratively calculate a value.

Boolean

A data type representing true or false.

Conditional Statements

Use of if, elif, else for decision making in programming.

While Loop

A loop that continues as long as a specified boolean condition is true.

String Concatenation

Combining strings with the + operator.

Repetition Operator

The * operator used to repeat strings.

Indexing in Strings

Accessing specific characters in a string using their index.

Length Function

A function that returns the number of characters in a string.

String Methods

Functions that perform operations on strings without changing the original object.

String Comparison

Using booleans to compare strings based on alphabetical order.

Strings are Immutable

Characters in a string cannot be changed or reassigned.

Format Method

Used to insert variables into strings and format them appropriately.

Machine Language

The lowest-level programming language, consisting of binary code that a computer's CPU can directly execute.

High-Level Language

A programming language that is user-friendly and abstracts away the details of the computer's hardware.

Source Code

The original code written by a programmer in a high-level language before it is compiled or interpreted.

Object Code

The machine code output of a compiler, ready for execution by the computer.

Debugging

The process of identifying and fixing bugs or errors in a program.

Version Control

A system that records changes to a file or set of files over time so that you can recall specific versions.

Library

A collection of pre-written code that can be reused in a program to perform common tasks.

Framework

A platform for building software applications that provides a foundation for development.

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

A framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process.

API (Application Programming Interface)

A set of rules that allows one piece of software to interact with another.