A & P II exam 2

What are the structural features of an artery?

Oval-shaped, thick tunica media, prominent elastic fibers that appear wavy

What are the structural features of veins?

Collapsed oval, thin tunica media, few elastic fibers

What are the 3 tunics of blood vessels?

Tunica interns → inner layer endothelial

Tunica media → middle later smooth muscle, elastin & collage

Tunica externa → outer layer of connective tissue

Which one is an artery and which one is a vein?

The upper left is a vein, lower right is an artery

What is this slide of, what is the arrow and what is the bracket?

Aorta,

→ tunica interna

} tunica media

What are the 3 superficial pulse points on the body?

Common carotid artery, Radial artery, brachial artery

What is the term for a low heart rate (<60bpm)?

Bradycardia

What is the term for high heart rate (>100bpm)?

Tachycardia

What 3 factors determine blood pressure?

Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure?

Systolic → ventricle contraction (100-120mmHg), upper number

Diastolic → ventricle relaxation (60-80mmHg), lower number

Where does internal gas exchange take place?

Capillaries, made of simple squamous epithelium

What is the term for high blood pressure (130/80 or higher)?

Hypertension

What is the term for low blood pressure (90/60 or lower)?

Hypotension

What are erythrocytes?

Red blood cells, function to transport oxygen throughout blood

What are leukeocytes?

White blood cells, protective, pathogen-destroying cells

What is a CBC?

Complete blood cell test, counts the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes in blood to identify any abnormal plod cell production which can be used to to diagnose diseases/infections

What is a hematocrit?

Measurement, how muhc of the blood is made up of RBCs

What is anemia?

Condition, low erythrocyte # / hematocrit

What is polycythemia?

Condition occurred with high erythrocyte # / hematocrit

What is leukocytosis?

Condition, high leukocyte count

What is thrombocytopenia?

Condition, low thrombocyte count

How are blood types determined?

Presence or absence of antigens on the erythrocyte surface, antigen A, B and Rh

What organ is this? And what tissue makes it up?

Trachea

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium at innermost lining

What makes up the C-shaped rings of the trachea?

Hyaline cartilage

What re the 4 processes of respiration?

Ventilation

External respiration

Internal respiration

Cellular respiration

What organ is this? What are the 3 sections?

The lungs

Alveoli on the left, alveolar sacs lined with simple squamous cells

Smooth muscle lining the bronchioles

What happens in the respiratory system when the diaphragm is pushed up?

Internal volume decreases

Internal pressure increases

Size of lungs decreases

Direction of air flow out

What happens when the diaphragm is pulled down?

Internal volume increased

Internal pressure decreased

Size of lungs increased

Direction of air flow in

What is tidal volume?

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhalaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

What is vital capacity?

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration

What is residual volume?

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort

What are the 5 viral signs?

1. Body temperature

2. Heart rate

3. Respiration rate

4. Blood pressure

5. Blood oxygen