Civil Rights

The notion if sit in started by this group in 1943 to desegregate Jack Spratt Coffee House in Chicago:

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

This was the protest idea of a sit in:

Sitting at a segregated public place, if refused service, stay.

By the end of 1960, 70,000 students had participated in these and 3,600 had served in jail time:

Sit-ins

This person grew up in Mississippi, took part in first sit-ins in Jackson, Mississippi in 1963 and was jailed for actions:

Anne Moody

In this 1960 case, Supreme Court rules against segregation on interstate buses-meaning stations, waiting rooms, and restaurants serving these buses also integrated:

Boynton v. Virginia

These people faced discrimination:

Mexican Americans

This person was a WWII veteran and was refused burial in Texas- community protests led to his burial in Arlington National Cemetery:

Felix Longoria

These people faced discrimination as Federal Government sought "termination" of reservations, but with resistance, could to go through with it-still in poverty:

Native Americans

This group pushed Civil Rights-started in 1909 as interracial organization and founded by W.E.B. DuBois to challenge laws that prevented African Americans from exercising full rights:

NAACP

This group succeeded in 1920's-1930's in getting 2 anti-lynching bills passed by House of Representatives:

NAACP

This group was founded in 1911 and worked on economic situation-helped people moving to major cities- African-Americans moving out of South to find homes/jobs:

National Urban League

This group was founded in 1942 was interracial group dedicated to bring change through peaceful confrontation-became national organization in 1950's:

CORE

In 1961, these two groups organized Freedom Rides to test if southern states would obey ruling:

CORE and SNCC

These left Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961, had minor conflicts until Anniston, Alabama where met my that firebombed bus and beat riders attempting to escape, but pushed onward:

Freedom Rides

Pictures of smoldering bus alarms nation, but riders are still arrested here-new volunteers replaced:

Jackson, Mississippi

This person, at latter part of protest, sent federal marshals to protect riders:

Attorney General Robert Kennedy

Robert Kennedy then pressures this group to issue ruling that prohibited segregation in all interstate transportation-trains, planes, and subs:

Interstate Commerce Commission

This person was an African American veteran attending Jackson State College, but in 1961, wanted to transfer to University of Mississippi or "Ole Miss", an all white university-application denied:

James Meredith

With help from this group, files lawsuits, and summer 1962, Supreme Court supports claim for attendance:

NAACP

This Mississippi governor declared could not enroll in University of Mississippi and blocked entrance-President Kennedy sent federal marshals:

Ross Barnett

This person was the head of Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, in Birmingham, invited MLK and SCLC to visit in April 1963-40% African American, but highly segregated city-planned boycotts, marches and sit-ins for stores and church integration:

Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth

This person was a Birmingham police commissioner and was a determined segregationist:

Eugene "Bull" Connor

With beginning, city officials declare marches violated regulation prohibiting parades without a permit and obtain court injunction to stop \_________:

Demonstrations

This person exemplifies civil disobedience, and is arrested along with others:

MLK

White clergy criticized this as ill-times threat:

Campaign

What did MLK respond with?

Letter from Birmingham Jail

Just over one week from arrest, this person was bailed out, and decides to let young people protest:

MLK

This person had more than 900 young people arrested with adults, and used high-pressure fire hoses and trained police dogs that attacked marchers' arms and legs:

Eugene "Bull" Connor

This brought scenes of violence to people across the country who were appalled:

Television

This person arranged compromise leading to desegregation of city facilities and fairer Irving practices and set up interracial committee to aid communication:

Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall

On October 1960, weeks before election, this person was arrested in Georgia and sentenced to 4 months of hard labor:

MLK

JFK called this person and offered help-Robert Kennedy persuaded sentencing judge to release MLK on bail:

Coretta Scott King

Word of action spreads through African American community who switched votes and JFK barely wins over this person:

Nixon

JFK had often voted for civil rights measures as a senator from this place, and in President's office though, moved slowly on issues such as fair housing:

Massachusetts

JFK did appoint a number of African Americans to prominent positions such as this person to U.S. Circuit Court, but did also name a number of segregationists to federal courts:

Thurgood Marshall

These surrounding Freedom Rides of 1961 embarrassed JFK when meeting with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev:

Race Riots

With Birmingham brutality in 1963, this person spoke to the nation:

JFK

Within hours of broadcast, this civil rights leader, gunned down-Byron de la Beckwith, charged with crime, and after 2 hung juries, Beckwith set free in 1964:

Medgar Evans

Shortly after this, JFK proposed strong civil rights bill prohibiting segregation in public places, banning discrimination if federal funding involved, and advancing school desegregation:

Birmingham Crisis

These people in Congress kept bill from coming up for vote:

Southern Segregationalists

With this, as many African-Americans moved north to big cities-with expanding cities, rose prominent citizens-doctors, and lawyers ability to have political machines:

Great Migration

Under FDR, a number of African-Americans working for federal government increased, and African-Americans voted for FDR and democrats supported this:

New Deal Policies

This increased demands for labor-northern cities which increased population and voting power:

WWII

WWII also ideologically changing because fought racism here, but yet had it in armed forces-more difficult:

Europe

In 1947, this person joins Brooklyn Dodgers as 1st African American to play in the Major leagues and named Rookie of the Year and League MVP in 1949:

Jackie Robinson

Thurgood Marshal picks up the case of this person who wanted 8 year old daughter Linda to attend white school-sues Topeka, Kansas Board of Education:

Oliver Brown

Thurgood Marshal, member of NAACP since 1930's, fought many segregated battles and now is looking over overturn this case-an 1896 decision:

Please v. Ferguson

May 17, 1954-Supreme Court issues decision to overturn this doctrine saying unconstitutional and desegregation should take place "with all deliberate speed":

"Separate but equal" doctrine

This group became more active:

KU Klux Klan

In this, more than 90 members of congress expressed opposition to court's decision and join together in march 1956, refusing to comply with ruling claiming a violation of states' rights and would lead to violence and chaos:

Southern Manifesto

In fall 1957, this Arkansas Governor declared could not keep order and posted Arkansas National Guard at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas to turn away 9 African-American students who were supposed to attend:

Orval Faubus

This President forced was forced to deal with desegregation and placed National Guard under federal command along with other soldiers sent to protect there 9 students, justified his action in speech to nation on September 24, 1957:

Eisenhower

This person, secretary of Montgomery NAACP for past 12 years took seat in middle of bus, where both African-Americans and whites could sit, but was ordered out of seat and next stop when white man got on with no seat, this person refused and was arrested:

Rosa Parks

Civil rights leaders met and this person of women's political council suggested idea to organize Montgomery bus boycott until system desegregated busses:

Jo Ann Robison

In the next year, 50,000 African-Americans here walked, biked, or joined car pools:

Montgomery

In 1956, Supreme Court ruled this this, like school segregation was unconstitutional:

Bus segregation

To bring focus to Kennedy's proposed civil rights bill, called for this:

March on Washington

March on Washington took place in August's 1963, and more than 200,000 from all over country call for this march slogan:

"Jobs and freedom"

After songs and speeches, MLK delivered this speech:

I Have a Dream speech

3 months after march, this person was assassinated and Johnson was able to move legislation along and promotes as honor to this person's death:

Kennedy

This was passed, but Senate faced opposition debate:

House of Reps.

Johnson spoke to this person, Republican minority leader about pushing through in June 1964, and passed shortly after:

Everett Dirksen

This act of 1964 improved voting, school , and jobs:

Civil Rights Act

In this 1964 movement, civil rights leaders organized voter registration drive-Mississippi with about 1,000 African-Americans and white volunteer contributed:

Freedom Summer

This group held rallies to intimidate, plus James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner murdered, 80 mob attacks, and 1,000 arrested:

KKK

Members of SNCC and newly registered Mississippi voters organized this group and sent delegates to Democratic National Convention:

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)

Still faced voter registration difficulty here where police arrested people for standing in line to register-MLK and others, lead 50 mile march from here to Montgomery in March 1965-faced police brutality from police and President Johnson sent in national guard, army, and federal marshals to protect marchers-whose number was 25,000 people by end march:

Selma, Alabama

Congress passed this, allowing federal officials to register voters where local officials blocked and eliminated literacy tests-next year, 400,000 African-Americans in Deep South were registered:

Voting Rights Act of 1965

In 1964, this Amendment ratified outlawing poll tax:

24th

This was a belief in the separate identity of racial unity of the African-American community:

Black Nationalism

This person was born in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925-son of Baptist minister who died when Malcolm a child, then grows up in ghettos of Detroit, Boston, and New York-arrested at age 20 for burglary and served 7 years:

Malcolm Little

While this person was in prison, he joined Nation of Islam, and group-Black Muslims, view white society as oppressive and preached separation and self-help:

Malcolm Little

Malcolm released from prison in 1952 and changed name from "Little" to this because the name "little" was from slaveowners:

"X"

Malcom X spends the next 12 years as minister of this with fiery speeches and ideas of black nationalism-rejecting ideas of integration and suggesting that would not beg for rights from whites:

Nation of Islam

In 1964, Malcolm X went on a pilgrimage here, as saw millions of Muslims of all races worshiping together-changed his view of hatred and separatism-comes to work with civil rights leaders:

Mecca

In February 1956, this person was shot to death at rally in New York, living on was previous message of black nationalism:

Malcolm X

This person, and other members of SNCC were tired of nonviolent protest, pushed black power, and at march in Greenwood, Mississippi in June 1966, sang "We Shall Overrun" over King's followers of "We Sall Overcome":

Stokely Carmichael

In Fall of 1966, these were formed by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, a militant political party that wanted African Americans to lead their own communities, demanded that federal government to rebuild nation's ghettos, and wanted to combat police brutality in ghettos:

Black Panthers

In 1964, these started in New York, Rochester, and cities in New Jersey:

Riots

On August 11, 1965, riots began here and lasted for 6 days after use force in arrest of drunk driver-34 dead and over 1,000 injured:

Watts

This carried through other cities in 1966 and 1967:

Violence

1968 brought assassins bullets that crippled the nation in the wake of this person's assassination in 1963:

Kennedy's

MLK had turned attention to poverty and attacked economic injustice, was organizing this march on Washington by traveling across nation:

Poor People's March

MLK had traveled to Memphis Tennessee in April to offer assistance to these workers seeking better conditions:

Garbage Workers

On April 4th, 1968, this person was shot while standing on balcony of his motel-died 1 hour later:

MLK

Some minorities set fires and looted stores in more than \___ states

120

This Senator, a major crusader for civil rights, entered race for Democratic Presidential nomination in March 1968:

Robert F. Kennedy

On March 31st, 1968, this person announced that he would not run for a 2nd term:

Johnson

On June 4th, 1968, this person won California's primary vote-that night, gave victory speech in L.A. hotel and after speech, was shot-died the next day:

Robert F. Kennedy

Though another blow to this movement, still saw voter registration among African-Americans increase in 1970's, and between 1970-19975, number of elected African-American officials rose by 88%:

Civil Rights Movement

This person killed Robert F. Kennedy:

Sirhan Sirhan

This person killed MLK:

James Earl Ray

This person was the first African American to play in the major leagues, and was even named rookie of the year that year:

Jackie Robinson

During most of his time as a civil rights activist, this person promoted black nationalism in a potentially militant fashion:

Malcolm Little (X)

This person refused to give up her seat on a bus in 1955, which touched off the bus boycott and the civil rights movement:

Rosa Parks

This person was the first African American Supreme Court Justice:

Thurgood Marshall

This person led the nation in enforcement of school desegregation by sending in federal troops to the crisis at Central High:

Dwight D. Eisenhower

When Dr. King said, "I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men were created equal," he was quoting from this:

Declaration of Independence

This president was successful in pushing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through the Congress:

Lyndon Johnson

This person was African American Air Force veteran who had attended Jackson State College, but he won a case in the Supreme Court that allowed him to attend the University of Mississippi:

James Meredith