global politics hl peace and conflict paper 2

what did the smoker model say?

categorizes peace into 6 stages, examines peace on a more individual level, different depths of peace

what is negative peace?

the absence of war

how do realists see negative peace?

the natural relationship between states in a competitive world

what is balance of forces?

idea that war is prevented when there is a balance of power between states

what is a bipolar power structure?

two power blocs (liberal democracies vs autocracies)

what is hegemonic stability theory?

idea that war is prevented when there is a hegemon

who is johan galtung?

sociologist who defined peace as not only the absence of violence, but the presence of social justice

what is required for the existence of positive peace?

elimination of inequality and violence

what is structural violence?

form of violence that includes racism, sexism, ageism

what is cultural violence?

when a culture or ideology justifies structural violence

who is bandy lee?

professor who defines structural violence as the limitations placed on people to restrict them from meeting basic needs and living a good quality life

what is feminist peace theory?

when all forms of gender discrimination are removed

what is holistic peace theory?

humanity lives in harmony with the environment, sustainable

what is holistic inner-outer peace?

when individuals are at peace with themselves, they are able to bring peace to others

what is direct violence?

physical or psychological force afflicted upon someone

what is indirect violence?

when political/economic measures are used to constrain people, or when certain people are at a society disadvantage

what does the seville statement say?

it is scientifically impossible for violence to be in human nature

what are some different ways that violence is justified?

honor killing, self defense, police force and death penalty, if people are stripped from their humanity, acceptance of status quo

what is just war theory?

idea that wars can be justified based on ethical criteria

what are the two main principles within the just war theory?

the right to go to war and conducts of war

what are some examples of justified conditions for going to war?

last resort, just cause, more good than evil

what are the main conducts of war?

attacks should not be against civilians, force should not be greater than needed, no force against injured or captured people

what is the security dilemma?

states building up military can be seen as a sign of aggression

what is the effect of the security dilemma?

less security even though the purpose of building up military was to gain security

what is an example of the security dilemma?

nato is seen as an aggressive alliance

what are the un laws of war?

states can use force in self defense, if ordered by security council as a peace enforcement action

what is a war crime?

violations of laws or customs of war

what does the icc do?

prosecutes war crimes and crimes against humanity

what is universal jurisdiction?

all states have the obligation to prosecute war crimes/crimes against humanity no matter what state the criminal is in

what are crimes against humanity?

systematic attack towards civilians

what is conflict?

when parties disagree over resources, territory, power, or identity

what do realists focus on in terms of conflict?

conflict between states

what do liberalists make room for in terms of the definition of conflict?

conflict between non-state actors

how is conflict defined by the actors involved?

interstate, intrastate, violent, non-violent

what is the ramsbotham and woodhouse. model?

displays the escalation into war and de-escalation from war and the solutions

what is relationship conflict?

when parties are upset because of perception of one another or bad communication

what is data conflict?

occurs due to misinformation or misinterpretation of data, leaving out key info

what is interest conflict?

competitive interests and it is zero sum

what is an example of interest conflict?

kastellorizo greece and turkey

what is identity conflict?

occurs over characteristics that cannot be changed like race, religion, or ethnicity

what is ideology conflict?

differing sets of beliefs

what is an example of ideology conflict?

republican vs democrat

what are the three steps of the peace process?

peacemaking, peacekeeping, peacebuilding

what is peacemaking?

stopping conflict, often through a third party

what is peacekeeping?

preventing the resumption of fighting

what is peacebuilding?

addressing the roots of violence to prevent its return

what are the qualities of a third party mediator?

impartial, having influence over both parties, willing to make an agreement