Memory and its distortions

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12 Terms

1
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What were Schachter’s seven sins of memory?

  • Transcience

  • Absent-mindedness

  • Blocking

  • Misattribution

  • Suggestibility

  • Bias

  • Persistence

The first three relate to issues around forgetting, the next three relate to distortion or inaccuracy and the final one to ‘pathological’ remembering

2
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What are flashbulb memories?

Distinct, vivid, detailed memories, often
for some sort of public event

  • 2015 Paris attacks (Gandolphe & El
    Haj, 2016)
    • Death of Princess Diana (Hornstein,
    Brown & Mulligan, 2003)
    • 9/11 bombings (Talarico and Rubin,
    2003)
    • Resignation of Margaret Thatcher
    (Conway et al., 1994)

  • Participants report very strong memories
    about which they are extremely confident
    • They report details like who told them,
    where, ongoing event, emotional
    responses (self and other) and any
    consequences
    • Memories for crimes may be like FB
    memories

3
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What did Diamond, Armson and Levine (2020) discover about forgetting over time?

They reported that what was recalled was
accurate (c. 94%), but that quality and
details diminished (especially as age and
retention interval increased)

4
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What does the working memory consists of?

  • Central executive

  • Visuo-spatial sketchpad

  • Episodic buffer

  • Phonological loop

5
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What are slave systems?

  • Visuo-spatial sketchpad and
    phonological loop store a limited
    amount information

  • Information is stored here in a
    temporal and serial fashion

  • Allows rehearsal for the retention
    of information

6
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What did Baddeley and Hitch (1974) discover about the phonological loop?

  • Responsible for ‘inner speech’
    • Measured using memory span
    tasks
    • Most people can remember 7±2
    items (though debated)

  • Unless attended to and ‘rehearsed’
    information may be lost very quickly

7
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What case is an example of transience?

  • Patient HM was unable to remember
    information for more than a few
    seconds
    • Could retain some information from
    the past, but unable learn anything
    new


    • HM had drastic brain surgery to
    reduce epilepsy
    • non-functioning hippocampus
    • the hippocampus must be crucial
    in memory formation
    • Not where memories are stored,
    but involved in the gradual
    transition from STM to LTM

8
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Why does absent mindedness occur?

  • Absent mindedness occurs due to paying
    insufficient attention at encoding (Reason
    & Mycielska, 1982), or encoding has been
    only superficial (Craik & Lockhart, 1972)

9
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How does blocking differ?

  • Different from transience
    The information has been encoded
    The information is still stored (has
    not been ‘lost’)

  • Different from absent-mindedness
    The information has been encoded
    You are often able to retrieve partial
    information

10
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Bjork & Handal (1995) reported inhibitory effects of practice on recall, leading to blocking what did they find?

Participants observed slides of a ‘crime scene’
• They were asked repeated questions about some items from some
categories (e.g. clothes), but some items from that category were not asked
about at all
• Some categories were not asked about at all (e.g. books)
• In later tests participants recalled more about items from non-asked about categories than they did about the non-retrieved items from ‘asked about’ categories – successful retrieving of some items blocks access to related
items

11
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How did Bernstein, Laney, Morris, & Loftus (2005) demonstrate false memories?

  • 228 participants given false memories
    of a negative experience with an
    unhealthy food

  • “You felt ill after eating strawberry ice-
    cream”

  • Believers showed more avoidance of
    strawberry ice cream at test (c. 20%)

12
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Loftus and Palmer (1974)

How fast were the cars going when they ______ each other?
• Smashed: 40.8 mph
• Collided: 39.3 mph
• Bumped 38.1 mph
• Hit 34 mph
• Contacted 31.8