5 - Basic Information for Bacteria

d. Crystal Violet

[Gram Stain]

Primary stain used in Gram staining.
a. Safranin
b. Iodine
c. Alcohol
d. Crystal Violet

c. Mordant/fixer

[Gram Stain]

Role of iodine in Gram staining.
a. Primary stain
b. Decolorizing agent
c. Mordant/fixer
d. Secondary stain

d. Decolorizing agent

[Gram Stain]

Role of alcohol in Gram staining.
a. Primary stain
b. Mordant/fixer
c. Secondary stain
d. Decolorizing agent

c. Safranin

[Gram Stain]

Secondary stain/counter stain used in Gram staining.
a. Crystal Violet
b. Iodine
c. Safranin
d. Alcohol

d. Violet

[Gram Stain]

Color of Gram-positive organisms after Crystal Violet step.
a. Red
b. Colorless
c. Pink
d. Violet

c. Violet

[Gram Stain]

Color of Gram-negative organisms after Crystal Violet step.
a. Red
b. Colorless
c. Violet
d. Pink

d. Violet

[Gram Stain]

Color of Gram-positive organisms after Iodine step.
a. Red
b. Colorless
c. Pink
d. Violet

d. Violet

[Gram Stain]

Color of Gram-negative organisms after Iodine step.
a. Red
b. Colorless
c. Pink
d. Violet

c. Violet

[Gram Stain]

Color of Gram-positive organisms after Alcohol decolorizing step.
a. Colorless
b. Red
c. Violet
d. Pink

d. Colorless

[Gram Stain]

Color of Gram-negative organisms after Alcohol decolorizing step.
a. Violet
b. Red
c. Pink
d. Colorless

d. Violet

[Cell Wall]

Final color of Gram-positive organisms after Safranin counterstain.
a. Red
b. Colorless
c. Pink
d. Violet

d. Red

[Cell Wall]

Final color of Gram-negative organisms after Safranin counterstain.
a. Violet
b. Colorless
c. Pink
d. Red

d. Violet

[Cell Wall]

Final color of Gram-positive organisms in Gram staining.
a. Red
b. Colorless
c. Pink
d. Violet

d. Teichoic acid

[Cell Wall]

Antigenic determinant of Gram-positive cell wall.
a. Lipid A
b. Porin
c. LPS
d. Teichoic acid

c. Thick layer of peptidoglycan

[Cell Wall]

Type of peptidoglycan layer present in Gram-positive cell wall.
a. Thin layer of peptidoglycan
b. No peptidoglycan
c. Thick layer of peptidoglycan
d. Single layer of peptidoglycan

c. Amino acids and disaccharide

[Cell Wall]

Components that make up the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive cell wall.
a. Lipid A and polysaccharide
b. Teichoic acid and porin
c. Amino acids and disaccharide
d. LPS and outer membrane

d. Transpeptidase

[Cell Wall]

Enzyme responsible for cross-linking peptidoglycan in Gram-positive cell wall.
a. Lysozyme
b. Beta-lactamase
c. Penicillinase
d. Transpeptidase

c. Beta-lactam

[Cell Wall]

Antibiotic class that inhibits transpeptidase in Gram-positive cell wall synthesis.
a. Aminoglycosides
b. Macrolides
c. Beta-lactam
d. Fluoroquinolones

b. Inhibit transpeptidase

[Cell Wall]

Effect of beta-lactam antibiotics on transpeptidase.
a. Activate transpeptidase
b. Inhibit transpeptidase
c. Replace transpeptidase
d. Duplicate transpeptidase

c. Cross-linked via transpeptidase

[Cell Wall]

Method by which peptidoglycan components are connected in Gram-positive cell wall.
a. Hydrogen bonding
b. Ionic bonding
c. Cross-linked via transpeptidase
d. Covalent bonding via lysozyme

d. Red

[Cell Wall]

Final color of Gram-negative organisms in Gram staining.
a. Violet
b. Pink
c. Colorless
d. Red

c. Endotoxin

[Cell Wall]

Property automatically present in all Gram-negative organisms.
a. Teichoic acid
b. Thick peptidoglycan
c. Endotoxin
d. Transpeptidase

c. Porins

[Cell Wall]

Structure in Gram-negative cell wall that acts as passageway of substances.
a. Teichoic acid
b. Lipid A
c. Porins
d. LPS

b. Somatic O antigen

[Cell Wall]

Outer membrane component of Gram-negative organisms that contributes to somatic O antigen.
a. Lipid A
b. Somatic O antigen
c. Core polysaccharide
d. Porin

c. Core polysaccharide

[Cell Wall]

Outer membrane component of Gram-negative organisms that contributes to core polysaccharide.
a. Somatic O antigen
b. Lipid A
c. Core polysaccharide
d. Porin

d. Lipid A

[Cell Wall]

Outer membrane component of Gram-negative organisms that is the endotoxin and part of cell wall.
a. Somatic O antigen
b. Core polysaccharide
c. Porin
d. Lipid A

c. LPS

[Cell Wall]

Another term for the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative outer membrane.
a. Teichoic acid
b. Peptidoglycan
c. LPS
d. Endotoxin only

d. Lysozymes

[Cell Wall]

Content of the periplasmic space in Gram-negative cell wall.
a. Teichoic acid
b. Lipid A
c. Transpeptidase
d. Lysozymes

d. 1 layer

[Cell Wall]

BEQ: Thickness of peptidoglycan layer in Gram-negative cell wall.
a. Thick multilayer
b. No peptidoglycan
c. 2 layers
d. 1 layer

c. 1 layer

[Cell Wall]

BEQ: Number of peptidoglycan layers in Gram-negative cell wall.
a. 3 layers
b. 2 layers
c. 1 layer
d. No layers

c. Cocci

[Morphology]

Bacterial morphology described as "round."
a. Bacilli
b. Spirilla
c. Cocci
d. Pleomorphic

d. Staphylococcus

[Morphology]

Round-shaped bacterium arranged in clusters.
a. Streptococcus
b. Spirilla
c. Coccobacilli
d. Staphylococcus

c. Streptococcus

[Morphology]

Round-shaped bacterium arranged in chains.
a. Staphylococcus
b. Coccobacilli
c. Streptococcus
d. Spirilla

b. Bacilli

[Morphology]

Bacterial morphology described as "rod."
a. Cocci
b. Bacilli
c. Spirilla
d. Pleomorphic

d. Coccobacilli

[Morphology]

-shaped bacterium with a rounded appearance between cocci and bacilli.
a. Spirilla
b. Streptococcus
c. Staphylococcus
d. Coccobacilli

d. Spirilla

[Morphology]

Bacterial morphology described as curved.
a. Cocci
b. Bacilli
c. Pleomorphic
d. Spirilla

c. Pleomorphic

[Morphology]

Bacterial morphology described as varied morphology.
a. Spirilla
b. Bacilli
c. Pleomorphic
d. Cocci

c. Flagella

[Virulence Factors]

Virulence factor used for forward locomotion in bacteria.
a. Pili
b. Capsule
c. Flagella
d. Fimbriae

b. Chemotaxis

[Virulence Factors]

Movement of bacteria toward a chemical gradient using flagella.
a. Phototaxis
b. Chemotaxis
c. Geotaxis
d. Thermotaxis

c. H antigen

[Virulence Factors]

Antigen associated with bacterial flagella.
a. O antigen
b. K antigen
c. H antigen
d. Vi antigen

d. Atrichous

[Virulence Factors]

Flagella type with no flagella.
a. Monotrichous
b. Lophotrichous
c. Peritrichous
d. Atrichous

c. Shigella dysenteriae

[Virulence Factors]

BEQ: Example of an atrichous bacterium that is non-motile.
a. Vibrio cholerae
b. Helicobacter pylori
c. Shigella dysenteriae
d. Campylobacter jejuni

• No flagella

• Non motile

[Virulence Factors]

Characteristic of Shigella dysenteriae as an atrichous bacterium.
a. Comma shaped
b. Gull wing shaped
c. No flagella, non motile
d. Flagella on both ends

c. Monotrichous

[Virulence Factors]

Flagella type with one flagella.
a. Atrichous
b. Lophotrichous
c. Monotrichous
d. Amphitrichous

d. Vibrio cholerae

[Virulence Factors]

BEQ: Example of a monotrichous bacterium that is comma shaped.
a. Shigella dysenteriae
b. Campylobacter jejuni
c. Helicobacter pylori
d. Vibrio cholerae

c. Lophotrichous

[Virulence Factors]

Flagella type with more than one flagella.
a. Atrichous
b. Monotrichous
c. Lophotrichous
d. Amphitrichous

c. Helicobacter pylori

[Virulence Factors]

BEQ: Example of a lophotrichous bacterium that is the number one cause of peptic ulcer disease.
a. Vibrio cholerae
b. Shigella dysenteriae
c. Helicobacter pylori
d. Campylobacter jejuni

d. Helicobacter pylori

[Virulence Factors]

BEQ: Number one cause of peptic ulcer disease.
a. Vibrio cholerae
b. NSAIDs
c. Campylobacter jejuni
d. Helicobacter pylori

c. NSAIDs

[Virulence Factors]

BEQ: Second most common cause of peptic ulcer disease.
a. Helicobacter pylori
b. Campylobacter jejuni
c. NSAIDs
d. Shigella dysenteriae

d. Amphitrichous

[Virulence Factors]

Flagella type with flagella on both ends.
a. Atrichous
b. Monotrichous
c. Peritrichous
d. Amphitrichous

c. Campylobacter jejuni

[Virulence Factors]

Example of an amphitrichous bacterium described as gull wing shaped.
a. Vibrio cholerae
b. Shigella dysenteriae
c. Campylobacter jejuni
d. Helicobacter pylori

d. Peritrichous

[Virulence Factors]

Flagella type with flagella all over the bacterial body.
a. Atrichous
b. Monotrichous
c. Amphitrichous
d. Peritrichous

b. E. coli
c. Shigella dy

[Virulence Factors]

Example of a peritrichous bacterium.
a. Vibrio cholerae
b. E. coli
c. Shigella dysenteriae
d. Campylobacter jejuni

d. Pili

[Virulence Factors]

Virulence factor that is longer and few in number compared to fimbriae.
a. Flagella
b. Fimbriae
c. Capsule
d. Pili

c. Fimbriae

[Virulence Factors]

Virulence factor that is shorter and many in number compared to pili.
a. Flagella
b. Pili
c. Fimbriae
d. Capsule

c. Sex pili

[Virulence Factors]

Type of pili used for conjugation.
a. Adhesion pili
b. P fimbriae
c. Sex pili
d. Common pili

d. Adhesion pili

[Virulence Factors]

Type of pili used for attachment.
a. Sex pili
b. P fimbriae
c. Common pili
d. Adhesion pili

c. P fimbriae

[Virulence Factors]

Type of fimbriae seen in E. coli that attaches to the urinary tract.
a. Sex pili
b. Adhesion pili
c. P fimbriae
d. Common fimbriae

d. E. coli

[Virulence Factors]

Bacterium that uses P fimbriae to attach to the urinary tract.
a. Shigella dysenteriae
b. Vibrio cholerae
c. Campylobacter jejuni
d. E. coli

c. Attach to the urinary tract

[Virulence Factors]

Function of P fimbriae in E. coli.
a. Conjugation
b. Forward locomotion
c. Attach to the urinary tract
d. Chemotaxis

b. Pili are few; fimbriae are many

[Virulence Factors]

Characteristic that differentiates pili from fimbriae in terms of quantity.
a. Pili are many; fimbriae are few
b. Pili are few; fimbriae are many
c. Both are equal in number
d. Pili are absent; fimbriae are many

c. Polysaccharide

[Virulence Factors]

Material that all capsules are made of.
a. Lipopolysaccharide
b. Peptidoglycan
c. Polysaccharide
d. Teichoic acid

d. Bacillus anthracis

[Virulence Factors]

All capsule are made of “polysaccharide” except for ______ which are made of D-glutamic acid

a. E. coli
b. Neisseria spp.
c. Klebsiella pneumoniae
d. Bacillus anthracis

b. D-glutamic acid

[Virulence Factors]

Material that makes up the capsule of Bacillus anthracis instead of polysaccharide.
a. Lipid A
b. D-glutamic acid
c. Teichoic acid
d. Peptidoglycan

c. Firmly attached and organized

[Virulence Factors]

Characteristic that differentiates capsule from slime layer.
a. Made of polysaccharide
b. Loosely attached and disorganized
c. Firmly attached and organized
d. Made of peptidoglycan

d. K antigen

[Virulence Factors]

Antigen associated with bacterial capsule.
a. H antigen
b. O antigen
c. Vi antigen
d. K antigen

b. Prevent phagocytosis

[Virulence Factors]

Role of capsule in bacterial virulence.
a. Forward locomotion
b. Prevent phagocytosis
c. Conjugation
d. Attachment to urinary tract

b. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV)

[Virulence Factors]

Capsule purified to produce a vaccine against encapsulated organisms.
a. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
b. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV)
c. BCG vaccine
d. Meningococcal conjugate vaccine

c. Quellung reaction

[Virulence Factors]

Test used to detect bacterial capsule through antibody binding causing capsular swelling.
a. Gram staining
b. India ink staining
c. Quellung reaction
d. Nigrosin staining

c. Streptococcus pneumoniae

[Virulence Factors]

Organism detected by Quellung reaction and treated with PPV.
a. Haemophilus influenzae
b. Klebsiella pneumoniae
c. Streptococcus pneumoniae
d. Neisseria spp.

c. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV)

[Virulence Factors]

Streptococcus pneumoniae is treated with:
a. BCG vaccine
b. Meningococcal vaccine
c. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV)
d. MMR vaccine

b. Opsonization and capsular swelling

[Virulence Factors]

Mechanism of Quellung reaction involving antibody binding to capsule.
a. Capsular dissolution
b. Opsonization and capsular swelling
c. Agglutination
d. Complement activation

d. E. coli

[Virulence Factors]

Encapsulated organism that appears green in methylene blue staining.
a. Haemophilus influenzae
b. Klebsiella pneumoniae
c. Neisseria spp.
d. E. coli

• Haemophilus influenzae

• Klebsiella pneumoniae

• Streptococcus pneumoniae

• Neisseria spp.

• E. coli

📌Mnemonic: "HKSNE"

[Virulence Factors]

Encapsulated organism include ______

a. Post-splenectomy

[Virulence Factors]

Removal of spleen.
a. Post-splenectomy
b. Post-nephrectomy
c. Post-hepatectomy
d. Post-thyroidectomy

b. Encapsulated bacteria

[Virulence Factors]

Type of bacteria that post-splenectomy patients are prone to.
a. Gram-negative bacteria
b. Encapsulated bacteria
c. Acid-fast bacteria
d. Anaerobic bacteria

c. Post-splenectomy

[Virulence Factors]

Condition that makes a patient prone to encapsulated bacteria.
a. Malnutrition
b. Diabetes mellitus
c. Post-splenectomy
d. Immunocompromised state

d. Vaccine

[Virulence Factors]

Remedy for post-splenectomy patients prone to encapsulated bacteria.
a. Antibiotic prophylaxis
b. Immunoglobulin therapy
c. Corticosteroids
d. Vaccine

a. Spores

[Virulence Factors]

_____- are considered highly resistant due to presence of Calcium dipicolinate
a. Spores
b. Capsule
c. Flagella
d. Pili

• Bacillus spp.

• Clostridium spp.

[Virulence Factors]

Spore-forming bacterium [2]

b. Germination

[Virulence Factors]

Process by which spore converts to vegetative form.

a. Sporulation

b. Germination

c. Conjugation

d. Transformation

c. Sporulation

[Virulence Factors]

Process by which vegetative form converts back to spore.
a. Germination
b. Conjugation
c. Sporulation
d. Transformation

d. Calcium dipicolinate

[Virulence Factors]

Component responsible for high resistance of spores to physical and chemical agents.
a. Teichoic acid
b. D-glutamic acid
c. Peptidoglycan
d. Calcium dipicolinate

d. Gram-positive and Gram-negative

[Toxin]

Source of exotoxin.
a. Gram-negative only
b. Fungi only
c. Gram-positive only
d. Gram-positive and Gram-negative

d. High

[Toxin]

Toxicity of exotoxin.
a. Low
b. Moderate
c. Variable
d. High

b. High

[Toxin]

Potency of exotoxin.
a. Low
b. High
c. Moderate
d. Variable

d. Heat-labile

[Toxin]

Heat characteristic of exotoxin.
a. Heat-stable
b. Heat-neutral
c. Heat-resistant
d. Heat-labile

c. A region

[Toxin]

Region of exotoxin responsible for activity.
a. B region
b. C region
c. A region
d. D region

c. B region

[Toxin]

Region of exotoxin responsible for binding.
a. A region
b. C region
c. B region
d. D region

d. IgM and IgG

[Toxin]

Defense against exotoxin.
a. IgA and IgE
b. IgD and IgA
c. IgE and IgD
d. IgM and IgG

d. Formaldehyde

[Toxin]

Significance of exotoxin as source of toxoid through inactivation via:
a. Heat treatment
b. Alcohol
c. Radiation
d. Formaldehyde

c. Artificially acquired active immunity

[Toxin]

Type of artificially acquired immunity produced from exotoxin-derived toxoid.
a. Natural active immunity
b. Natural passive immunity
c. Artificially acquired active immunity
d. Artificially acquired passive immunity

d. Diphtheria toxoid

[Toxin]

Example of a toxoid vaccine derived from exotoxin.
a. BCG
b. PPV
c. MMR
d. Diphtheria toxoid

b. Tetanus toxoid

[Toxin]

Example of a toxoid vaccine alongside Diphtheria toxoid.
a. BCG
b. Tetanus toxoid
c. MMR
d. PPV

c. Gram-negative bacteria

[Toxin]

Primary source of endotoxin.
a. Gram-positive bacteria
b. Fungi
c. Gram-negative bacteria
d. Protozoa

d. Listeria spp.

[Toxin]

Gram-positive bacterium that is an exception possessing endotoxin.
a. Staphylococcus aureus
b. Bacillus anthracis
c. Streptococcus pneumoniae
d. Listeria spp.

d. Low

[Toxin]

Toxicity of endotoxin.
a. High
b. Moderate
c. Variable
d. Low

b. Low

[Toxin]

Potency of endotoxin.
a. High
b. Low
c. Moderate
d. Variable

c. Heat-stable

[Toxin]

Heat characteristic of endotoxin.
a. Heat-labile
b. Heat-neutral
c. Heat-stable
d. Heat-resistant

d. Septic shock = decreased BP

[Toxin]

Clinical significance of endotoxin.
a. Source of toxoid
b. Artificially acquired active immunity
c. IgM and IgG defense
d. Septic shock = decreased BP