CSCC Bio 2215: Final Exam

What are the major groups of microorganisms? (4 examples)

1. bacteria

2. algae

3. protozoa

4. viruses

What is a microorganism?

Living bodies that are not visible to the naked eye

What is the Germ Theory of Disease?

many diseases are caused by microbes

Who proved the germ theory of disease?

Robert Koch

What is an acid-fast stain?

Used to stain organisms that resist conventional staining

What is the cell wall made of?

peptidoglycan in bacteria

What are two characteristics of Gram + organisms?

1. Stain Purple

2. Thick peptidoglycan wall

What are three characteristics of Gram - organisms?

1. Stain Pink

2. Thin peptidoglycan wall

3. Has an outer membrane Lipid A

What are two structures that are important to cellular survival?

1. Ribosomes

2. Chromosomes

What are three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure?

1. Prokaryotic have capsule

2. Eukaryotic have membrane bound organelles

3. Prokaryotic do not have a nucleus

What microbes can you not see with a light microscope?

Viruses

What is metabolism?

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

What is anabolism?

building up molecules

What is catabolism?

breaking down molecules

What are three factors that influence microorganism growth?

1. Ph

2. Temp.

3. Water availability

What is the energy and carbon source for phototroph?

1. Energy Source: Sunlight

2. Carbon

What is the energy and carbon source for photo chemotroph?

1. Sunlight

2. Organic Compounds

What is the energy and carbon source for Chemolithrautotroph?

1. Inorganic

2. CO2

What is the energy and carbon source for Chemorgantroph?

1. Organic Compounds

2. Organic Compounds

What is a virus?

A non-living particle that infect cells and cause disease

What is an animal virus?

Virus that infects animals, based on route transmissions

What is a plant virus?

Infect plant through wound in plant cell wall

What is a bacteriaphage?

A virus that infects bacteria

What is a lytic virus?

Makes more viruses, release more , kills cells

What is the lysogenic cycle?

Does not kill cells

What is a latent virus?

an inactive virus

What is the purpose of aerobic respiration?

It uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules to ATP

What four things happen in aerobic respiration?

1. Glycolysis

2. Transition Step

3. TCA cycle

4. Electron Transport Chain

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic puts out more ATP, anerobic does not

What does an enzyme do

speeds up a chemical reaction

What is an enzyme made of?

amino acids

What is lag phase?

"flat" period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth

What is log phase?

exponential growth; makes antibiotics

What is the stationary phase?

Population stabilized

What is the death phase?

Viable cells decrease, death ensues

What is passive aquired immunity?

Occurs naturally during pregnancy

What is epidemology?

The study of the frequency and distribution of an illness or a disorder in a population.

What is drug resistance and how does it develop?

Adaptive response ends with tolerations, can be spontaneous mutations or Acquistion of plasmids transfer

What are the 5 mechanisms microbes can use for drug resistance?

1. Decreased permeability

2. Drug inactivation

3. Activation of drug pumps

4. Change in drug binding sites

5. Alternate metabolic pathway

What are three important aspects about the first line of defense?

1. Physical

2. Chemical

3. Genetic Components

What are four important aspects about the second line of defense?

1. Inflammatory

2. Interferons

3. Phagocytosis

4. Complement

What are three important aspects about the third line of defense?

1. Vaccination

2. Antibodies

3. Specific host defenses

What are B cells?

B-lymphocytes; they release antibodies into blood.

What cell types an B-Cells make?

1. Memory

2. Plasma

3. Antibodies

How do helper T cells activate B cells?

When it recognizes the antigen.

How are Cytotoxic T- cells activated?

activated by dendritic cells that have antigen

What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection?

Sterilization removes all, disinfection removes most germs

What do you three things need to be considered when choosing a method of microbial control?

1. Type of microbe

2. Risk of infection

3. Contamination extent

What is pasteurization? Is this a form of sterilization?

Brief heat treatment used to reduce organisms that cause food spoilage. No it is not sterilization

What are the symptoms?

effects experienced by patient

What are the signs?

effects that can be observed through examination

What has to happen in order to have an infection?

colonized organisms have parasitic relationship with hos

What is type 1 hypersensitivity?

IgE mediated

What is type 2 hypersensitivity?

cytotoxic

What type is 3 hypersensitivy?

Immune complex mediated

What is type 4 hypersensitivity?

cell mediated