USCP CH.1

Concept

the rational purport of a word or conception.

Conceptual tools

allow us to form other concept, or relate concepts to each other

definition

one way to create concept

concept as a heuretic tool

concepts allows the discovery of new aspects of phenomenon. It can be conceived more as a "means rather than as an end".

culture

an example of a concept as a heuristic tool (given in ppt)

Our sociality

is defined by the very categories that we possess, the categories assigned to us by society at large.

Values

• Are a person's collectivity's principles or standards of behavior.

• Important and lasting beliefs or ideals

• criteria people use in their daily lives

beliefs

• Is something accepted as true or real.

• takes the form of a firmly held opinion or conviction regardless of the lack of verifiable evidence.

• based on tradition, faith, or the combination

Social Phenomena

Are the individual, external, and social constructions that influence a person's life and development

Political behavior

may be influenced by their political views, ideologies, and levels of political participation

voting

ex. of political behavior (given in ppt)

Political phenomena

are not only limited to public offices as these also include how institution like schools, churches, or companies are ran and governed.

cultural behavior

Is an event where certain individuals behave in a certain way merely because other person do as well.

Bandwagon effect

cultural behavior is also known as

cultural phenomenon

Happens when something or someone gains widespread popularity

process of being famous

It is noteworthy that it is not the subject that is the cultural phenomenon but rather the _.

discipline

These attempts are formally referred to notably in the academe as "_" because of their specific perspective or focus.

mapping social forces, rehearsing the structures, exposing asymmetrical power

how can the study of society be accomplished in 3 different ways

Social sciences

• The discipline under which identity, culture, society and politics are studied are collectively called this

• Comprise a wide array of academic disciplines that study the overall functions of society as well as the interactions among its individual members and institutions.

Anthropology

Is the systematic study of the biological, cultural, and social aspects of man

anthropos

means "man"

logos

means "study of inquiry."

American Anthropological Association

this association describes anthropology as a science seeking to "uncover principles of behavior that apply to all human communities."

Culture Universal

What are anthropologists looking for?

Social Anthropology

Studies how social patterns and practices and cultural variations develop across different societies.

Cultural Anthropology

studies cultural across different societies and examines the need to understand culture in its own context.

Linguistic Anthropology

studies language and discourse and how they reflect and shape aspects of human society and culture.

Biological/Physical Anthropology

studies the origins of humans as well as the interplay between social factors and the processes of human evolution

Archaeology

Deal with the prehistoric societies by studying their tools and environment.

Europe, Industrial Revolution

Sociology was born in what country and period

August Comte

• credited with being the "Father of the discipline" for having

• coined the term "sociology"

Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Webber

first to raise critical questions about the deluge of changes brought about by the mushrooming factories within and outside the major cities of England.

Emile Durkheim

• A French social thinker

• With his monumental work on suicide he introduced the concept of "social fact/social phenomenon.

suicide

• Emile Durkheim's landmark study of _ enabled him to concretize the "niche problematique" of sociology.

• With this monumental work on this subject, he introduced the concept of social fact or social phenomenon

Social fact

According to Durkheim, _ was a characteristic feature of the power of ideas to create social realities for member of societies

Karl Marx

• Poor and always hungry, exiled for several times and declared persona-non-grata by is own country Germany

• Saw and felt the evils of social inequality

• He produced the most scathing critique of capitalist exploitation f the labor class for profit.

Max Weber

• Stressed the role of rationalization.

• People started to doubt myths and superstitious beliefs, and people also adopted a scientific or rational attitude.

Rationalization

refers essentially to the disenchantment of the world

Charles Horton Cooley, Herbert Blumer, George Herbert Mead

Pioneered "Symbolic Interactionism"

Symbolic interactionism

states that social interactions are governed by the meanings shared and co-created by social actors in every interaction or encounter.

Anthony Giddens

defined "sociology" as the study of human social life, groups, and society.

Sociology

• It is an academic discipline that attempts to provide a deeper assessment of individual and group behavior, as well as social phenomena, by examining the interplay between economic, political, and social factors.

Social forces

• Represent a constellation of unseen yet powerful forces influencing the behavior of individual and institutions

• They are considered remote and impersonal

Social map

Refers to a person's specific economic and political location.

Political Science

• study of government and politics

• discipline that problematizes the nature of power and studies how possession and exercise of power can shape individual actions and collective decisions for that matter.

Social Contract

requires people to surrender, completely or in part, their rights to whatever (an office) or whoever (a persona), who or which, in return, exercises the same for the protection of everybody.

Power relations

are forms of interaction mediated by the use and deployment of authority and political influence.

Andrew Heywood

The activity through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live.

Public Administration

examines how government functions and how decisions and policies are made.

Political Economy

evaluates the interplay between economics politics, and law and its implications to various institutions within society

Comparative Politics

compares domestic politics and governance system across different sovereign states

Diversity

Seen in body, shapes and sizes, customs, clothing, speech, religion, and worldview.

Cultural Diversity

means a range of different societies or people of different origins, religions, and traditions all living and interacting together.

Social Diversity

• refers to the gaps between people as measured by the presence or absence of certain socially desirable traits.

• is an ever-present and enduring feature of all known cultures around the world, from the most primitive to the most highly urbanized.

Social Inequality

• occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly

• It is normally the end result of social diversity.

Sociologist

attributed the persistence and omnipresence of social inequality to the beneficial functions for the overall operation of society

Merit system

• is the system of providing incentives and rewards depending on the qualifications of the social actors involved.

• It is based on the assumption that people will perform better if given rewards

(UNDER SOCIOLOGIST)

Political Scientist

• Explain social inequality as a product of an asymmetrical distribution of power in society.

Anthropologist

take account of the "equal but different ways" of how people live in the world

Difference Dimension

representing the culture's inherent value; hence, it is essential to the appreciation of the culture's sui generis

equal dimensions

interpreted on the basis of the logic that the same appraisal can be used to judge even influential and renowned cultures

Social Change

alteration of mechanisms within the social structure, characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of behavior, social organizations, or value systems.

society

A web of social relationships

social change

Change in the system of social relationships.

Sociological Dimensions (Mills, 1959)

a powerful tool that allows us to ask not only "What is going on here?" but also "Should things be as they are?"

Social Activism

consists of the efforts to promote, inhibit, or (re)direct social, political, economic, or environmental issues with the desire to make improvements in society and correct social injustice.