ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Science

• as old as the world itself

• interwoven with the society

• an idea

• an intellectual activity

• a body of knowledge

• a personal and social activity

Technology

• the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes or applications, whether in industry or our everyday lives.

• anything from the discovery of the wheel, all the way up to computers and MP3 players.

Society

• refers to people living in the social order.

• group of people who live in a definable community and share the same cultural components.

Paleolithic Era

• also known as the OLD STONE AGE.

• Stone tools were first used.

• Around 2.6 million years ago and ended with the beginning of the New Stone Age.

• Challenges of MIGRATION.

• Known as HUNTER- GATHERER.

The Hunter-Gatherer

• FORAGING VS. GATHERINGS

• EARLY HOMINIDS

• EVOLUTION OF INTELLIGENCE

FORAGING VS. GATHERINGS

• Great apes forage (means equipped and skilled hunters of the clan).

• Gatherers collect food from one place to another location for consumption or storage.

EARLY HOMINIDS

H. habilis & H. rudolfensis, hunter and gatherer similar to animals.

EVOLUTION OF INTELLIGENCE

• H. ergaster and H. erectus have smaller brains and are modern hunters and gatherers.

• They also build large houses with wood pillars and developed tools.

Neolithic Era

• Begin around 10,000 to12,000 BCE.

• Development of agriculture, domestication of animals, and emergence of permanent settlement.

• Focused on FARMING.

• Skilled farmers, manufacture tools for tending, harvesting and processing crops, and food production.

NEOLITHIC ERA ADVANCEMENT

use of stone tools and other materials.

NEOLITHIC KNOWLEDGE & SKILLS

Hunters and gatherers use celestial motions (sun, moon, star, constellation) and are knowledgeable about wild animals and vegetation.

NEOLITHIC HUMAN MIGRATION

Migrated across ASIA, EUROPE & AUSTRALIA 50,000 to 46,000 years then later to AMERICA.

NEOLITHIC CHALLENGES & UNDERSTANDING

Population challenges in new territories but leads to an improved understanding of biology.

• Transportation

• Communication and record-keeping

• Mass production

• Security and protection

• Health, aesthetics, and architecture

Concerns of People in the Ancient Times

Sumeria

Located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia.

Sumerians

people that are known for their high degree of cooperation and desire for great things.

• Cuneiform

• Uruk City

• Irrigation and Dikes

Contributions of Sumerians to Science and Technology

Cuneiform

• one of their major contributions.

• first writing system that utilizes words, pictures, and triangular symbols which are carved on Clay.

• records things with historical value or Sumerians’ everyday life.

Uruk City

• considered as the first true city in the world.

• built using only mud and clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks (an engineering feat).

Irrigation and Dikes

• bring water to the farmlands of Sumerians and control flooding of the rivers.

• considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works.

• increased their food production.

• Papyrus

• Ink

• Hieroglyphics

• Cosmetics

• Wig

Contributions of Egyptians in Science and Technology

Papyrus

• one of their earliest contributions.

• not the first to develop a system of writing but made writing easier for the world.

• processed the papyrus plant to produce thin sheets.

• easier to carry and store, and less breakable.

• major accomplishment in record-keeping and communications.

Ink

• Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals.

• tamper-proof so that people could not simply tinker with those written down by authorities.

Hieroglyphics

• system of writing using symbols.

• language that tells the modern world about the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians.

Cosmetics

• Its function in ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetic reasons.

• Make-up protects them from evil and beauty is a sign of holiness.

• Kohl around the eyes

Kohl around the eyes

• prevent and even cure eye diseases.

• created by mixing soot or malachite galena.

Wig

• Egyptians wore them for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes.

• It protects the shaved heads of wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays of the sun.

Rome

• central portion of Italy.

• this empire was perceived as the strongest political and social entity in the West.

• the cradle of politics and governance.

• Newspaper

• Roman Architecture

• Roman Numerals

Contributions of Romans in Science and Technology

Newspaper

• Gazettes

• Engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed.

• When paper was invented, it became easier for Romans to publish matters.

Gazettes

first newspapers that contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people.

Roman Architecture

• Temple of Hera

• Colosseum

Roman Numerals

address the need for a standard counting method for communication and trade.

• Printing Press

• Microscope

• Telescope

• War Weapons

Developments in Science and Technology during the Middle Ages

Printing Press

• Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press- which used wooden machines.

• address the need for publishing books.

Microscope

• key in discovering new means of preventing and curing various illnesses.

Zacharias Janssen

He was able to develop the first compound microscope.

Telescope

• an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects.

• helps navigators.

• came with the invention of the compass, oars, and rudders.

• made sea traveling easier and safer.

War Weapons

• developed cross bows and longbows for open-area battles.

• iron body armor for close-range hand-to-hand combat,   later changed to chainmail.

MODERN TIMES

• booming world population

• faster and easier means of communication

• development of industry

• bigger challenges in food processing and medicine

• Pasteurization

• Petroleum Refinery

• Telephone

• Calculator

Developments in Science and Technology during the Modern Times

Pasteurization

• Louis Pasteur invented this process of heating dairy to products kill harmful bacteria

• Milk can be stored and consumed for a longer period.

Petroleum Refinery

• Kerosene as “illuminating oil”

• At present, it is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants.

Samuel M. Kier

He invented kerosene by refining petroleum.

Telephone

• Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.

• easily maintain connections and communicate with each other in real time.

• one of the most important inventions.

Calculator

• paved the way for easier arithmetic calculations, and also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like computers.

• easy to carry.

Blaise Pascal

He invented the first mechanical calculate in the early 17th century, around 1642

• Salamander Amphibious Tricycle

• Salt Lamp

• Medical Incubator

• Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap System

• E-Jeepney

Developments in Science and Technology in the Philippines

Salamander Amphibious Tricycle

• H2O Technologies headed by Dominic N. Chung and Lamberto Armada, together with Chief Designer Victor “Atoy” Llave, invented the salamander.

• called amphibious because it can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes.

• can be utilized to travel from island to island

Salt Lamp

• Aisa Mijeno invented a lighting system that utilizes saltwater.

• Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp.

• poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases.

Medical Incubator

• Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician, and the first Asian woman admitted to Harvard Medical School, devised a medical incubator.

• made from Indigenous and cheap materials that did not run on electricity.

• Other breakthroughs of Dr. del Mundo are her works on the immunization and treatment of jaundice, and the BRAT (banana, rice, apples, and toast) diet for curing diarrhea.

Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap System

• In 2010, the Department of Science and Technology- Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST- ITDI) introduced this OL Trap.

• made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for humans and the environment.

E-Jeepney

• utilizes electricity and is environment friendly.

• made by the engineers of EVAP (Electric Vehicle Association of the Philippines) funded by DOST PCIEERD.

• First ejeepney was named Darna.