Chapter 1- What is Biotechnology?
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52 Terms
What is the definition of biotechnology?
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms, cells, or cellular materials to develop products and technologies for human benefit, including medical, agricultural, and industrial applications.
What are 3 traditional biotechnology products?
Fermented foods, antibiotics, vaccines.
What are 2 examples of modern biotechnology products?
Gene therapies, genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?
The modern biotechnology industry began in the 1970s with the advent of recombinant DNA technology.
When did humans begin selectively breeding livestock and plants?
8000 BCE
When was wine first invented
4000 BCE
Who developed brewing and cheese making? when?
2000 BCE, Egyptians and Sumerians
What was the first antibiotic culture used and when
moldy soybean curds 500 BCE
Who developed the first smallpox vaccine and when
Edward Jenner in 1796
Who discovered proteins? when
Jons Jakob Berzelius in 1838
When was the origin of species published?
1859
When was pasteurization first developed?
Louis Pasteur in 1860
When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?
In 1865.
Who developed the first rabies vaccine and what year
1885, Louis Pasteur
When did the term biotechnology first appear in print?
1919
Who discovered penicillin and when
1928 Alexander Fleming
Who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetics information?
Oswald Avery
When was the double helix structure of DNA discovered
1963
When was mRNA discovered
1961
When was the first gene completely synthesized?
1971
When was recombinant insulin produced and which company produced it
Genentech 1977
When was DNA fingerprinting first used?
1984
When was the first GMO tobacco created?
1986
When was the human genome project launched?
1990
What was the first cloned mammal? What year?
Dolly the sheep 1997
When was golden rice developed?
1999
When was the human genome project completed?
2003
When was the first HPV vaccine approved?
2003
When was the first self replicating bacterial cell created?
2010
When was CRISPR/cas9 used for gene editing?
2012
When were mRNA vaccines first used?
2021
What are the key techniques in biotechnology?
What are the different sectors in biotechnology
medicine, agriculture, manufacturing, research
What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?
Just because we CAN do it doesn’t mean we SHOULD do it
What are the tools in biotechnology?
Cells, DNA, RNA, proteins
What are the key instruments in biotechnology
PCR machines, spectrophotometers
What is chromatography
sorts molecules by shape size etc
What is gene transfer
the process of introducing foreign genetic material into a host cell.
What is protein purification
filtering out proteins
what is a spectrophotometer
they quantify DNA through light absorption
What is PCR
Polymerase chain reaction, multiplies DNA sequences
What are the key concepts behind using biotechnology in national defense?
quickly detecting and eradicating bio hazards and bioterrorism
Which company was the founding biotechnology company? what was their first product?
Genentech, humulin
What is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries?
biotech- biological drugs
pharma- chemical drugs
Who are they key users of biotechnology?
healthcare, agriculture, forensics, national defense
What is genomics
study of an organism’s genome
what is proteomics?
The study of organism’s protein expression
What is precision medicine?
targeted therapies based on a person’s genetic profile
What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?
animal testing is used until the drug is deemed useful and safe for animals.
What happens during phase 1 clinical trials
10s of people volunteer to test the drug for it’s safety
What happens during phase 2 clinical trials
Hundreds of volunteers test the drug for it’s effectiveness.
What happens during phase 3 clinical trials
Thousands of volunteers confirm the results of the drug