Chapter 46: Female reproductive part 2

hymen

distal end of vagina partially closed by thin fold of mucus

prolapse

uterus is pushed outside of the body

mons pubis

fatty rounded area over the pubic symphysis

labia majora

two elongated hair covered skin folds

enclose the vestibule

labia minora

two delicate hairless folds

greater vestibular glands

flank vagina, produce mucus

lubricate the distal end of vagina during intercourse

clitoris

corresponds to male penis

hooded by a prepuce, composed of sensitive erectile tissue

lacks a reproductive duct

bartholin glands

lubrication during sex

ovaries at birth

contain oocytes in primary follicles

• meiotic process= suspended

beginning of menstruation

several oocytes resume meiosis

hypothalamus

GnRh→ LH and FSH

menses

decrease progesterone

decrease estrogen

→ endometrium lining is slugged (period)

postmentrual phase

endometrium thickens

ovulation

thick endometrium

premenstrual phase

decrease in estrogen

decrease in progesterone

cyclical changes ovaries

result from changes in gonadotropins secreted by pituitary gland

cyclical changes uterus

caused by changes in estrogens and progesterone

corpus luteum

produces estrogen and progesterone

estrogen

stimulate growth of ducts of mammary gland

thickens endometrium

released from granulosa cells

progesterone

stimulates development of secreting cells

maintains endometrium

infertility

failure to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse

breast size

determined by fat around tissue rather than tissue itself

controlled by estrogen and progesterone

alveoli

lined with myoepithelial cell

can contract; squeezing milk into secretory duct

oxytocin

stimulates myoepithelial cells→ responsible for milk ejection

positive feedback

prolactin

released from anterior pituitary

milk production

lactiferous ducts

converge at the nipple

suspensory ligaments

throughout connective tissues of breast

help support the glandular and connective tissue of entire breast

areola

contains sebaceous glands

produce sebum to reduce dryness

nipple

shedding of placenta

cuts off a major source of estrogens

breast milk

nutrients

passive immunity from antibodies

emotional bonding

dysmenorrhea

painful menstruation- cramps

increased levels of certain prostaglandins produced by uterine lining

cause spasms in myometrial layer due to decreased blood flow & O2 → uterine muscle

amenorrhea

absence of normal menstruation

hormone imbalances/genetic disorders

• weight loss, preggo, lactation, excessive training, eating disorders

pelvic inflammatory disease

inflammatory condition that can be caused by several different pathogens

major cause of infertility and sterility

may cause development of scars/adhesions

polycystic ovarian syndrome

enlarged ovaries that contain fluid filled cysts

develop from mature follicles that fail to rupture completely

PCOS

endometriosis

endometrial tissue outside of uterus

often causes infertility, dysmenorrhea, and severe pain

breast cancer

most common skin malignancy

form of adenocarcinoma → cancer of gland tissue

cervical cancer

diagnosed thru pap smear

cells are swabbed from cervix and studied for abnormalaties