EBME 202 Lecture 1 Part 1: Organ Systems

Overview of Organ Systems

Gross Anatomy

studying large, easily observable structures (heart, bones)

Microscopic Anatomy

Study of cells and tissues that can only be viewed under a microscope

Anatomy

The structure and shape of the body

Physiology

The study of how the body and parts of the body function

Levels of Organization

Chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

Four types of tissue

Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous

Connective tissue definition and examples

Connects body parts (tendons, ligaments. Note: has variations in vascularization)

\

Connective tissue functions

Support, protection, binding together tissues

Connective tissue makeup

Living cells surrounded by complex extracellular matrix

Epithelial tissue definition and examples

Forms linings, coverings, and glands of the body. Covers all internal and external body surfaces, forms boundaries. (Skin, stomach lining.)

Epithelial tissue functions

protection, absorption, secretion, filtration

2 types of epithelial tissue surfaces

Apical (exposed surface) and basal (internal surface)

Simple vs. stratified epithelial tissue

Distinguished by number of cell layers and shape of cells. Simple is 1 layer, stratified is multi-layered.

Muscle Tissue function

Contract and shorten to generate force to produce body movement. (Movement of the body or organs.)

3 types of muscle tissue

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Nervous tissue definition and function

Receive and conduct electrochemical signals throughout the body. Controls body functions.

Nervous tissue makeup

Neurons and neuroglia (support cells)

Neuroglia functions

Insulate, support, protect neurons

Integumentary System

Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of sensory receptors (pain, pressure, etc.), and sweat and oil glands

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals (such as calcium).

Muscular System

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat.

Nervous System

Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells.

Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood.

Lymphatic System

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity.

Respiratory System

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

Function Required for Life (Answer with Organ System): Maintaining Boundaries

Integumentary System

Function Required for Life (Answer with Organ System): Movement

Muscular + skeletal - movement of body. Cardiovascular - substances within body

Function Required for Life (Answer with Organ System): Responsiveness

Nervous System

Function Required for Life (Answer with Organ System): Digestion

Digestive System

Function Required for Life (Answer with Organ System): Metabolism

Digestive - supplies nutrients to cells

Respiratory - supplies oxygen to cells

Function Required for Life (Answer with Organ System): Excretion

Digestive - removal of solid food wastes

Urinary - removal of metabolic byproducts

Skin - removal of wastes in sweat

Function Required for Life (Answer with Organ System): Reproduction

Reproductive system regulated by endocrine system

Function Required for Life (Answer with Organ System): Growth

Regulated by endocrine system