Final Exam Notes

Climate is the __ average of weather patterns in an area.

long-term

Biomes are driven primarily by _______ and ______ patterns.

temperature; precipitation

In a Tropical Rainforest, biomes are characterized by high _____ and constant warm _____ .

rainfall; temperatures

Deserts experience _____ rainfall and _______ extreme .

low; temperatures

Temperate Forests have moderate rainfall with ______ winters and _______ summers.

cold; warm

The Tundra biome features very ____ temperatures and __ precipitation.

low

Plants fix CO₂ via __ in the carbon cycle.

photosynthesis

Bacteria fix atmospheric __ into usable forms in the nitrogen cycle.

N₂

_____ is released through the weathering of rocks.

Phosphorous

Natural Selection is a mechanism of ___ evolution.

adaptive

The three conditions for Natural Selection include variation in traits, __, and differential reproductive success.

heritability

The Founder Effect is a type of __ in genetic drift.

population

___ is the movement of genes between populations, species, or organisms

Gene flow

______ causes random changes in allele frequencies.

Genetic drift

The Hardy-Weinberg Equation for allele frequencies is ___+___ = 1.

p; q

Monophyletic groups include one ancestor and __ descendants.

all

Communication in animals can be visual, auditory, chemical, __, or mechanical.

electrical

A Type III survivorship curve is characterized by high __ rates at early stages.

death

_____ occurs in areas with no soil

Primary succession

______ succession occurs where soil is present

Secondary

The _____ is characterized by human-driven changes that lead to mass extinctions.

Anthropocene

Habitat destruction, invasive species, and climate change are significant __ on ecosystems.

human impacts

_______ include protecting biodiversity, hotspots and endangered species.

Conservation priorities

Biological clocks include _____, _____, and _____

Circadian, lunar, annual cycles

Communication can occur through visual, auditory, chemical, _____, or ______ signals

electrical, mechanical

Circadian rhythms are controlled by an organism's internal ______

biological clock

An innate behavior is _____ derived, while a learned behavior is acquired through ____.

genetically, experience

A behavior's proximate cause explains _____ it occurs, while its ultimate cause explains _____ it evolved.

how, why

Traits that arise due to a common ancestor are called _____, while traits that arise independently due to similar environments are ________.

homologous traits, analogous traits

A group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants is called a ______.

monophyletic group

In a phylogenetic tree, a node represents a ________

common ancestor

A postzygotic barrier often results in offspring that are _____ or _____.

sterile, non-viable

An example of a prezygotic barrier is _____ isolation, where organisms breed at different times.

temporal

Biological species concept defines species based on ________

reproductive isolation

Speciation is the process by which populations become _____ isolated and _____ distinct.

reproductively, genetically

A Type III survivorship curve describes species that produce _____ offspring with ____ survival rates early in life.

many, low

Population density is the number of individuals per _____ or _____.

unit area, volume

A species' fundamental niche is its _____ role, while its realized niche is its _____ role due to competition and other factors.

potential, actual

Competition between species can lead to either ______ or ______.

competitive exclusion, resource partitioning

Climate is determined by long-term averages of weather, influenced by ______, ________, and ______.

solar radiation, wind and ocean circulation, topography

The rain shadow effect occurs when ______ block moist air, causing dry conditions on the leeward side.

mountains

Organisms in the desert biome are often adapted for ________ conservation and avoiding _______.

water, extreme heat

In a food web, energy flows from ______ to _______ to _______.

producers, consumers, decomposers

Evolution is defined as changes in _____ frequencies in a _____ over time.

allele, population

Natural selection is an _____ mechanism of evolution, while mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift are _____ mechanisms.

adaptive, non-adaptive

Allopatric speciation requires ______ isolation, whereas _______ speciation occurs without geographic separation.

geographic, sympatric

In a phylogenetic tree, a node represents a _______.

common ancestor

Global warming leads to shifts in species' _____, changes in _____, and spread of _____.

ranges, phenology, diseases

Increased levels of atmospheric ____ are correlated with rising _____ temperatures.

carbon dioxide (CO₂), global

The main drivers of _____ include habitat destruction, invasive species, climate change, and mass extinction.

biodiversity loss

______ is sudden population reduction

bottleneck

_____ can be deleterious, neutral or advantageous. Advantageous is the most rare.

mutations

_____ is small changes (allele frequency)

microevolution

_______ is large-scale events (speciation)

macroevolution