hormones

endocrine

acts on target cells in the body

exocrine

secretes substances through ducts to the outside of the body

autocrine

cell communicates with itself

paracrine

cell communicates with other cells near them

target cells

cells that receive hormones, need specific receptors

hormone

chemical messenger

steroids

lipid based hormone

amino acid based hormone

protein based hormone

what are three factors that target cell activation depend on?

blood levels of hormones, number of receptors, and affinity of binding

what are mechanisms of hormone action?

alter plasma membrane, stimulate synthesis of proteins, activate or deactivate enzyme systems, induce secretory activity, and stimulate mitosis

water soluble vs lipid soluble hormones

membrane receptors vs intracellular receptors

growth hormone?

produced by - pituitary gland
acts on - bone and cartilage
function - influences height

thyroid stimulating hormone

produced by - anterior pituitary gland
acts on - thyroid gland
function - regulates thyroid activity

follicle stimulating hormone

produced by - anterior pituitary gland
acts on - follicles in the ovary
function - produces eggs for ovulation

luteinizing hormone

produced by - pituitary gland
acts on - ovaries or testes
function - triggers ovulation

GnRH

produced by - hypothalamus
acts on - pituitary gland
function - causes pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH

prolactin

produced by - pituitary gland
acts on - mammary gland
function - stimulate milk production

prolactin inhibiting

produced by - hypothalamus
acts on - anterior pituitary gland
function - suppresses release of prolactin

oxytocin

produced by - hypothalamus
acts on - uterus, breasts, brain
function - “bonding hormone”, contractions

ADH

produced by - hypothalamus
acts on - kidneys and blood vessels
function - causes kidneys to release less water

T3 and T4

produced by - thyroid gland
acts on - all cells
function - regulates metabolism, growth, development, and body temperature

parathyroid hormone

produced by - parathyroid
acts on - bones and kidneys
function - regulates calcium in the blood

corticosteroids

produced by - adrenal cortex
acts on - immune system, skin
function - reduce inflammation

melatonin

produced by - pineal gland
acts on - circadian rhythm
function - helps sleep

glucagon

produced by - pancreas
act on - liver and muscles
function - prevents blood glucose levels from dropping too low

insulin

produced by - pancreas
acts on - cells in the body
function - prevents blood glucose levels from getting too high

estrogen

produced by - ovaries in women, adrenal glands in men
acts on - reproduction, urinary tract, hair, breasts, etc
function - regulates menstrual cycle and promotes sexual development

progesterone

produced by - ovaries and placenta
acts on - lining of the uterus
function - prepares uterus for egg implantation and regulates menstruation

testosterone/androgen

produced by - testes in men, adrenal glands in women
acts on - bone, muscles, genitals
function - sexual development/function, bone and muscle health, mood regulation

gastrin

produced by - G-cells in stomach
acts on - cells in the stomach lining
function - stimulates secretion of gastric acid in the stomach

secretin

produced by - S-cells in the small intestine
acts on - pancreas, stomach, gallbladder
function - regulates digestion

CCK

produced by - I-cells in lining of small intestine
acts on - digestive system
function - regulates digestion

ANP

produced by - the heart’s atrial muscles
acts on - the kidneys
function - regulates BP by promoting secretion of sodium and water

cholecalcification/vitamin D

produced by - the skin
acts on - bones, muscles, nerves
function - healthy immune system

erythropoetin

produced by - kidneys
acts on - bone marrow
function - produce red blood cells

leptin

produced by - adipose tissue
acts on - brain
function - regulates energy balance

concentration of hormones

rate of release and speed of inactivation/removal from the body

types of hormone removal

degrading enzymes, kidneys/liver, and half-life

types of hormone interaction

permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism