Elementary PSYCH Final exam - UIOWA

Biopyschosocial model of health

How biological, social, and psychological factors affect physical health

Biological factors of health

- genetic factors

- physiology

social factors of health

- society

- community

- family

psychological factors of health

- cognition

- emotion

- motivation

Stress

the process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges

marucha et al. 1998

an experiment were dental students were given a puncture wound in their mouth and measured how long it took to heal

in the summer 7 days

3 days before an exam 10 days

stress triggers suppression of the immune system

stress reduces the release of disease-fighting lymphocytes

health

care about the mind, body, sensation and how mental and physical factors relate

eustress

"good" stressor that motivates the individual to make necessary changes.

ex: the discomfort of being too hot might make a person move into the shade

helps to achieve homeostasis: the balance that all organisms require to sr=urvive and thrive

distress

uncontrollable or inescapable exposure to stressors. can lead to allostasis

allostasis

a physiological shift that can cause disease and disability

distant distress

traumatic experiences that occurred in the past but continue to affect the person emotionally

chronic distress

usually does not have an end in sight

acute distress

stressor that does have an end in sight and can range in severity

stress response

the pattern of the physiological, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to demands that exceed a person's resources.

sympathetic nervous system

- increase heart rate

- increase catecholamine secretion - a stress hormone

- increase respiration

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

releases stress hormones

dysregulated in individuals expressing chronic stress

can suppress the immune system

reduce stress

don't cram for finals

don't take too many classes\

cope with stress

yoga or meditation

take deep breaths/slow breaths

get enough sleep

motivation

all factors that arouse, direct, and maintain behavior towards a goal.

MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR HAS A PURPOSE not reflexes

motivational systems

select goals to be pursued and organize behavior towards that goal

Sherrington

Reflexes "are innate, lack spontaneity are stimulus-bound and stereotyped"

reflexes happen in response to something

reflexes look the same every time you see them

reflex vs. motivated behavior

reflex: blinking

motivated behavior: winking

Instinct

behavior, characteristics, of a species that is possessed by ALL members of the species.

instincts are innate

How to test for an instinct??

present appropriate releasing stimulus

- sign stimulus

- or super stimulus (Herring Gull experiment)

William McDougal

primary instinct.

primary instincts have emotions associated with them

primary instincts and their emotions

flight - fear

repulsion - disgust

curiosity - wonder

pugnacity - anger

parental - tenderness

others include: self - abusement, self - assertion, reproduction, gregariousness, acquisition

C.E Ayres

the instinct of belief

Freud

2 basic instincts

life (eros) - nurturing,

seeking out food, water, and protection

death (Thanatos) - aggression,

defend, and gets a mate

sublimation

we do things without knowing why

Bad impulses -> repression -> sublimation

problems with instincts

- circularity

- makes animal/person seem passive

- don't take into account what's going on inside the body

- don't account for variability

example of problems with instincts

running wheel activity of female rat

every 4th day there was a big spike in running

Not the environment causing her to run it is her internal spike of estrogen causing her to run.

(similar to menstrual cycle)

Drive - reduction theory

drive internal state of arousal

Body deficit -> DRIVE -> activity -> goal

primary drives vs. secondary drives

innate vs. learned

incentive

learned properties of the goal

intrinsic motivation

the increasing tendency to perform a behavior as a function of the time since it was last performed

accumulation of an urge. take into account internal and external factors

ex: Konrad Lorenz - imprinting on his goslings

ex: carnivores hunt when they aren't hungry

arousal

as humans we demand a minimal level of arousal

flotation tank

gives you minimal stimulation to help you relax. it is the most minimal stimulation you can experience.

it is relaxing up to a point. after a short period of time, people start hallucinating because the mind makes its own stimulation.

eating and weight control

we maintain stable body weight through food intake (input) and metabolism (output)

control body weight via 2 ways

1. change the size of meals

2. change the frequency of meals

anorexia

have distorted body image

bulimia

binge and purge - mess up body electrolytes

Cannon and Washburn 1912 experiment

swallowed an inflated balloon. After every stomach contraction, Washburn was subjectively hungry = common sense.

Problems: Washburn worked for cannon. food causes more stomach contractions, some people have no stomach and feel hunger pains.

CORRELATION NOT CAUSATION

stereotaxic instrument

manipulates specific areas of the brain

homeostasis

a drive reduction model apply to regulation of body temperature

Stanley Schachter theory

experiment questioning if obesity is caused by internal or external factors

step 1. give sandwiches to eat

step 2. give crackers

step 3. asking for a rating of crackers

obese people ate more crackers not because they were good but because they were there

emotions

short-lived mental states associated with our evaluation of our experiences

emotions are relatively brief patterns of responses involving

1. behavioral displays

2. physiological displays

3. subjective responses

emotions are NOT

long lived

Behavioral displays of emotion

the universality of facial expressions

Paul Ekman

6 or 7 basic emotions

Anger, Happiness, surprise, sadness, fear, disgust, content

physiological displays of emotion

emotions transferred to physiological responses by the autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system AROUSING

Fight or flight response

- secrete stress hormones

- eyes dilate

- salvation decreases

- perspiration increases

- heart rate increases

- digestive function slows

Parasympathetic nervous system CALMING

- pupils contract

- salvation increases

- skin dries

- heart rate decreases

- stress hormone decreases

- repair body

Subjective responses of emotions

cognitive labels - putting feelings into words

secondary emotions

Lisa Feldman Barrett

constructivism: we don't experience discrete emotions, but rather a combination of psychological and physiological responses

Example: color

a person knows there are 2 different colors but can't distinguish and give labels on a continual plane

Case study 1 = Patient SM

women with the rare Urbach-wiethe disease

both of her amygdala

she was almost completely fearless

- impairment in recognition and experience of fear

- has been held at gunpoint and knifepoint multiple times

- beaten nearly to death

- Angry not scared

- not afraid of having no money

Case Study 2 = EVR

a successful college-educated accountant who had a tumor on his ventromedial prefrontal cortex

No change in IQ or any test performance

changes in his decision-making process

- he ended up collecting garbage because he thought it would be handy he wasn't emotionally attached

- he also had emotional problems NO enthalpy

presurgery- caring and sensitive

post surgery- bad @ decision making and not empathetic

- took a long time to make simple decisions

Iowa Gambling Task

EVR was terrible at Iowa gambling task.

he understood that the cards were good or bad but wasn't nervous to get a bad card.

could not use emotions to make decisions

polygraph

based on emotions - used to determine if someone is lying by measuring breathing, heart rate, sweating, and blood pressure

polygraph measures the activation of the autonomic nervous system

a polygraph is a highly structured interrogation - looking for changes in breathing, heart rate, sweating, and blood pressure because it is stressful to lie.

a person can pass a polygraph by creating a high baseline or a random baseline (brain injuries and sociopaths can pass a polygraph.

taking a polygraph is stressful enough, therefore, people are already aroused so an experimenter should not be biased

POLYGRAPHS SHOULD NOT BE USED AS DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE

guilty knowledge test

ask questions only the criminal will know must be SPECIFIC questions.

the guilty person will have a change in the polygraph for one answer

control question test

ask general questions then work up to the big question

a person will have a response if they recognize themselves in the question. the guilty person will only react if the question relates to them

EEG

EEG can also be used to see if someone is lying

P300 responses - dip in EEG

the P300 response is the recognition in response

many issues with this experiment because a person could recognize the target question from tv or other sources

emotions are patterns of response

1. physiological changes

2. behavior displays

3. subjective feelings

4. cognitions

emotions

mood

temperament

strong & brief

longer lived & weaker

longer still & general disposition

amygdala

fear, aggression, and anger

Charles whitman

texas sniper

- knew something was wrong with him but didn't know what to do

orbito fronta cortex

phineas gage

before accident- serious, energetic

after - childish, lost inhibition, lost control of emotion

he experienced changes in personality and emotion. was indifferent to consequences and pain (emotional pain)

Antonio Egaz - Moniz

1935 lobotomy

1949 Nobel Prize

his patients had debilitating anxiety used prefrontal lobotomy

standard lobotomy procedure

drill several holes in skull use knife to make a cut in the cortex

the lobotomy reduced obsessions and compulsions. helped people with schizophrenia. Patients did not lose intelligence. but normal reactions were gone - people acted like little kids not particularly sad or happy

Egaz thought it should be used as a last resort

transorbital lobotomy - Freeman technique

enter through the orbital socket (outpatient brain surgery)

Freeman thought a lobotomy should be used in the beginning so patients do not have to deal with their debilitating anguish.

used and abused - No sterile technique, assembly line work, 1st line of defense for mental illnesses

NOW ONLY USED IN EXTREME CASES WHEN PATIENTS HAVE EXCRUCIATING PAIN

Facial expressions

are communication controlled by the brain stem and possibly innate

1. babies

2. blind children

3. cross cultural - universal

A man of south fore: in 1950 -1960 was the first time they have made contact with the outside world. these people had the same facial expressions as people living in the modern world.

social facilitation

humans make more pronounces displays of emotion in the presence of others

pseudo bulbar palsy

inability to make voluntary facial gestures

principle of antithesis

opposing messages signaled by opposite movements and postures

ex. cats and dogs have different behavioral displays of certain emotions.

James Lange Theory 1884

environmental stimulus -> body (physiological arousal or behavior) -> brain (subjective sensation)

we don't cry because we are sad we are sad because we cry

- need a distinct behavior for each emotion

Lange theory criticism - Walter B. Cannon

1. timing does not work

2. no changes in behavior means no emotions

3. physiological responses are all the same

Ax 1955

measured 14 parameters during fear and anger

- 7 were clearly different between the emotions

Facial Feedback Theory

position of facial muscles determines emotions

cognitive appraisal theory

cognitions are NECESSARY and SUFFICIENT

you might need the right thought

no uniform theory of emotions

EMOTIONS ARE SO IMPORTANT THERE ARE SO MANY DIFFERENT WAYS TO INTERPRET THEM

Wechsler theory of intelligence

intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to

- act purposefully

- think rationally

- deal effectively with his or her environment

created an IQ test

- different dimensions of intelligence

Fluid intelligence

the ability to learn and problem solve

- aptitude

intelligence based on ability - someones potential to learn

crystalized intelligence

the sum of what a person knows

- achievement

difference in intelligence across ages?

cannot memorize as well when you age

- better crystalized intelligence with age

- worse fluid intelligence with age

what determines intelligence?

genes

early childhood nutrition

prenatal exposure to harmful substances

years of education

family socioeconomic status

measuring intelligence

attempt to measure aptitude

- hard to completely separate aptitude and achievement

intelligence is hard to measure because it is composed of several related components

wechsler adult intelligence scale (wais - IV)

- full IQ

- four indices

1. verbal comprehension

2. working memory

3. perceptual organization

4. processing speed

verbal comprehension

test similarities of concepts, vocabulary, and information

working memory

test digit span, arithmetic, how well you hold information in your brain temporarily, and how you solve things with only your mind

perceptual organization

test concentration and ability to store information temporarily

processing speed

test the ability to concentrate and process things quickly

interpreting intelligence scores

mean =100

scores follow a normal distribution (bell curve)

68% population between 85 and 115

intellectual disability

generally < 70; when determining disability focus more on DSM- 5

- test scores are combined with the ability to adapt

things can influence IQ tests

prior testing

medication

educational history

significant medical events

IQ tests predict

academic success

job success

lifelong success

SAT/ACT score (not comprehensive, highly correlated with IQ, each score has a margin of error)

pygmalion effect

if you tell yourself you are smart you'll do better

Rosenthal and Jacobsen 1986

teachers treat students differently depending on what the teacher believes about the student's IQ

Arthur Jensen

racial differences in IQ scores

1960s whites and blacks had a 15pt difference in IQ

white 100 +- 20

black 85 +-20

19th century

- thought size of the brain = intelligence and that intelligence is innate

- size of skull reflects the size of the brain that fits inside

- head measurer

Morton's cranial capacity of race

filled skulls with rice - converted mass to cubic inches.

*problem: Morton knew the race of the skulls he was measuring, therefore, there was bias

he had a 14 unit spread HOW?

cranial capacity redone

all skulls were 4in cubed apart all were pretty similar

men have bigger brains than women

Sir Francis Galton

- Bell-shaped curve

- correlation

- twin studies/adoption studies

- used "anthropometric measurement" (human physical variation) to study intelligence

he gave sensory discrimination tasks. Better nervous system = better intelligence

no correlation with intelligence but shifted the idea from brain structure to brain function