INTRODUCTION OF SURVEYING

Planning and design

are based on the results of surveys, and construction is controlled by surveying.

Plane Surveying

A type of surveying that considers the earth as a flat surface and disregards its curvature for limited extent measurements.

Geodetic Surveying

A type of surveying that considers the earth's spheroidal shape and is usually done by government agencies for accurate mapping.

Cadastral Surveys

Surveys undertaken to define property lines and boundaries in urban and rural locations.

Topographic Surveys

Surveys that gather data to produce a topographic map showing terrain configuration and locations of natural and man-made objects.

Hydrographic Surveys

Surveys of bodies of water to map shorelines and measure flow for purposes like navigation and resource management.

Construction Surveys

Surveys used to layout, locate, and monitor public and private engineering works.

Direct Measurements

Measurements taken by directly comparing a quantity with standard measuring units using instruments.

Indirect Measurements

Measurements determined by the relationship to known values when direct measurement is not possible.

Significant Figures

In recording results from values obtained by measurements and computations, it is important to determine which should be retained as significant figures.

Surveying Field Notes

Records of actual work done during a survey, crucial for future reference and data accuracy.

Field Survey Party

A team consisting of various roles such as chief of party, instrumentman, recorder, and others involved in surveying operations.

Telescope

An early surveying instrument used to measure angles, introduced with crosshairs for fixing line of sight.

Surveys

_____ cover a wide range of scope and complexity:

• Stacking our simple structures

• Extensive and difficult survey requirements in construction of subdivisions, bridges, highways, canals, dams, railroads, etc.

Surveying

Delineating a portion of the earth’s surface or subsurface, or of establishing the position or boundaries on earth’s surface.

Rayner and Schmidt

“Surveying is the art of determining the positions of points on or near the earth’s surface by means of measurements in the three elements of space, namely, distance, direction, and elevation.”

Surveying

It is the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques.

Route Surveys

Involves determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with planning, designing, and construction of highways, railroads, canals, pipelines, and transmission lines.

Photogrammetric Surveys

Uses aerial photogrammetry, use photographs with specially designed cameras either from planes, ground stations, or even the use of drones.

Astrolabe

A portable, usually flat instrument made of brass which depicts the position of the prominent stars in the sky relative to the observer’s horizon.

Astrolabe

It was originally designed for determining altitude of stars.

Transit

It is known as the universal surveying instrument that is invented by Young and Draper.

Transit

Early transit in surveying was primarily used to accurately measure horizontal angles between points on the ground.

Semicircumferentor

Used to measure and lay off angles and establish line of sight.

Plane Table

One of the oldest types of surveying instruments used in field mapping.

Plane Table

It consists of a board attached to a tripod in such a way that it can be leveled or rotated to a desired direction.

Compass

Is a device indicated direction and is and instrument for navigation.

Compass

In surveying, it is used for the measurement of horizontal angles and the bearing of a line of sight.

Measurement

is the process of determining the extent, size, or dimension of a particular quantity in comparison to a given standard.

Surveying

In _____, measurements are usually concentrated on angles, elevations, times, lines, and volumes.

Surveying Measurement

Any _____ is always subjected to the imperfections of the instrument used, and the different errors inherent in the process of obtaining the measurement.

Surveying Measurement

There is no such thing as a perfect measuring instrument nor there is a surveyor whose senses are sufficiently perfect to measure any quantity exactly.

Direct Measurement

This method directly measures using chains, tapes, and other types of surveying equipment.

Indirect Measurement

For this type, the observed value is determined by its relationship to some other known values.

Linear, Area and Volume Measurements

• 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meter

• 1 meter (m) = 1000 millimeter

• 1 millimeter (mm) = 1000 micrometers

• 1 micrometer (um) = 1000 millimicrometers

• 1 millimicrometers (mu) = 1000 million micrometers

• 1 meter (m) = 10 decimeters

• 1 decimeter (dm) = 10 centimeters

• 1 centimete (cm) = 10 millimeters

Angular Measurements

The SI Units for plane angles are in radians.

• 2𝜋 = 360°

Sexagesimal Unit

• measures angles in degrees, minutes, and seconds.

• It is also known as base 60.

• 360° = 1 revolution

• 1° = 60′

• 1′ = 60"

Centesimal Units

• gradian (grad or g) is the unit of measure of an angle.

• 400^g = 1 revolution

• 1^g = 100′

• 1′ = 100"

Significant Figures

These are used to reports a value, measured or calculated, to the correct number of decimal places or digits that will reflect the precision of the value.

Significant Figures

When a measurement is taken, the precision of that measurement is dependent on the equipment used to take the measurement

Significant Figures

The measurement will have some digits that are certain and one digit that is uncertain or estimated.

Rule 1

Zeroes between other significant figures are significant.

Rule 2

For values less that one (1), zeroes immediately to the right of the decimal are not significant.

The only show the position of the decimal such as (3 significant figures)

Rule 3

Zeroes places at end of decimal numbers are significant such as (5 significant figures)

Field Practice

In elementary surveying, the student acquires a certain extent of field practice.

Field Practice

It is not possible for students to develop into expert instrumentman during the course of performing an ordinary field work (laboratory, field work).

Field Practice

However. it is expected that the course will give the student a working knowledge of surveying instruments and their uses.

Field Practice

Members of the student field parties should assume various duties alternately every assigned field work.

Field Practice

The use of surveying instruments require not only understanding the basic theories and principles of surveying, but also an extensive amount of field practice.

Surveying Field Notes

_____ constitute the only reliable and permanent record of actual work done in the field.

Surveying Field Notes

If the notes are incorrect, incomplete, or obliterated - the time, money, and effort during survey data gathering are wasted.

Surveying Field Notes

No matter how careful field measurements are made, the survey data may be useless if some of the measurements are incomplete or unrecorded.

Surveying Field Notes

_____ become the official record of survey, that’s why it is necessary of it to be complete. legible. concise, and comprehensive.

Field Notes

are usually worked over in the office into some more advanced form of presentation, such as a map, report, or a computation.

Surveying Field Notes

These are always kept for future reference and may be used by another surveyor some years later.

Surveying Field Notes

It is not possible to predict to what extent the information gathered on most surveys may become of value in the future.

Surveying Field Notes

A need to rerun, extend, or otherwise make use of previous surveys may be required for a related project.

Types of Notes

• Sketches

• Tabulations

• Explanatory notes - written description of what is done in the field.

• Computations

• Combination of the aforementioned

Information in the Field Notebook

• Title of the Field Work

• Date and Time of day

• Weather Conditions

• Group member names, their designations (chief of party, instrumentman, tapeman, etc.)

• List of equipment used - all survey equipment used must be listed including its make, brand and serial number.

• If all information are known, mistakes committed in the field which are not discovered until the field work is completed could be easier to determined.

• Mistakes are often traced to weather conditions, or equipment that are out of adjustment.

• Correction can be easily made without redoing the whole field work.

Chief of Party

he is responsible for the overall direction, supervision, and operational control of the survey party.

Chief of Party

He also handles the logistical and technical requirements, and problems of a survey field operations.

Assistant Chief of Party

takes over the duties of the chief of party during his absence.

Assistant Chief of Party

He conducts site/ground observation and investigation prior to start of survey work.

Assistant Chief of Party

He is responsible for the employment of surveying equipment, instruments, and accessories used during survey field work.

Instrumentman

his duty is to set up, level, and operate surveying instruments such as transit, engineer’s level, theodolite, sextant, plane table, and etc.

Instrumentman

He assures that all equipment to be used are in good condition, and in proper adjustment.

Technician

responsible for use and operation of all electronic instruments required in a field work.

Technician

He assures that all instruments are all calibrated, functioning properly, and are in proper adjustment.

Computer

responsible to perform all computations of survey data and works.

Computer

He utilized electronic calculators, microcomputers, and assist the operation of the computerized surveying systems or equipment.

Recorder

keeps record of all sketches, drawings, measurements, and observations, taken from a survey field work.

Head Tapeman

responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with tape.

Head Tapeman

He directs and determines the marking of stations to be occupied by surveying instruments, and directs the clearing out of obstructions along the line of sight.

Rear Tapeman

assists the head tapeman during taping operations.

Flagman

holds the flagpole, or range pole at selected points as directed by the instrumentman and helps in making measurements.

Rodman

holds the stadia or leveling rod when sights are to be taken on it.

Pacer

checks all linear measurements made by the tapeman.

Pacer

He helps the tapeman in assuring that mistakes or blunders are reduced or eliminated.

Pacer

A _____ may also do the job of a rodman

Axeman/Lineman

he clears the line of sight from trees, bushes, and other obstructions in wooded locations.

Axeman/Lineman

He is also responsible for the safety and security of the members of the party at the survey site.

Aidman

his duty is to render first aid treatments to survey members that are involved in snake bites, accidents, and other cases involving their safety, health, and well being.

Aidman

He may also be designated as assistant instrumentman.

Utilityman

renders other forms of assistance needed by the survey party or as directed by the chief of party.

Utilityman

If a survey vehicle is to be used, a utilityman is designated as driver.

Utilityman

If the survey party needs to camp out for days in the field, his duty is to setup camp site and its required facilities.

Utilityman

They are likewise responsible for handling and transporting survey equipment, accessories, and supplies.