Bio Chemistry Unit

electronegativity

ability of an atom 2 attract e- in covalent bond

Which elements have strong electronegative values

Nitrogen and Oxygen

which elements have low electronegative values

hydroegen

chemical reactions have atoms give up or get…

electrons to complete outershells

chemical reactions usually results in

atoms close together

chemical reactions have atoms held together by

covalent bonds

what are covalent bonds?

bonds where 2 atoms share 1 or more pairs of outer shell electrons

ions

charged atoms

cation

positive ion

anion

negative ion

ionic bond

electrically charged bond, formed between opp charged ions (that are very attracted to another)

how ionic bonds are formed

both elements are not ions yet, one element in front gives electron to element in back that is alos not an ion, ion in back turns to anion (bigger, cuz more electron shells), one infront becomes cation

emergent property

behavior that appears when parts of a system interact, even when individual parts do not have own characteristic

novel property

new property present at a high level of hieachary

polar molecule

uneven distrubution of electrons for intermolecular bonds

polar bonds h2O

H is slightly negative, O is slightly positive

hydrogen bonding

weak electrostatic attraction between H and electroneg atoms

what elements are with hydorgen bonding

N, O, F

hydrogen bonding is important for

h2O, proteins, nucleic acids

hydrogen bondings are the strongest

intermolecular force

hydorgen bonds are weaker compared to

chemical bonds such as ionic/covalent

What are not covalent bonds

H bonds, dipole dipole, LDF

life on earth began from and modern life is tied to…

H2O

how much H2O is cells made up of

70%-95%

cohesive

molecules of a substance sticking together

solvent

substance that dissolves another substance (solute) to form a solution

protective cushion

substance that absorbs shock

reactive

likely to take part in chem reactions

acid

chem compound that donates H+ ions 2 solutions

base

compound that accepts H+ ions and remove them from solution

PH scale

scale to measure acidity

each PH unit represents

tenfold difference (logarithmic scale) in concentration of H+ (acid)

Buffers

substances that resist PH change

buffers accept H+ ions when

in excess

buffers donate H+ ions when

depleted

buffer;s change in PH alters

molecules and cell function

acid rain process

fossil fules produce N and S oxides that react w/ h2O in atomosphere, form Nitric and Sulfuric acid, turns to acid rain

penicilin

antibiotic/fungus that kills bactiera, its phenonmenom found by Alexander Fleming

Rogaine

blood pressure med originally now hair growth med

aspartaine

made from Aspartic acid+phenylalanine, artifical sweetner, compound of 2 amino acids, found by James Schlattner

ATP molecule

unit of energy for life

carbon atom

atom of life

how does acid rain cause tree decline?

acid rain adds H+ to soil, H+ releases Al 3+ from soil particles, Al 3+ becomes mobilized, damages tree roots and interferes with Mg2+/nutrient uptake, less photosynthesis, tree decline/death

what happened to tree affected by acid rain after 1955

elevated Al+ in outer layers of tree runks