Melissas Bio Study 3❤️🧫🧬👩‍🔬

Antigen

any substance that

triggers an immune

response

Pathogen

disease causing

agent.

Antibiotics

kills or slows

the growth of bacteria.

Antibody.

Specific

Y-shaped protein produced

by plasma cells.

Humoral Immunity

Protects

against pathogens that are

located outside of your

cells

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Protects against pathogens

that invade the inside of

your cells

What does the Spleen do?

The spleen Filters blood, site

where pathogens in the

blood and WBCs can easily

mingle.

Lymph Nodes

Filters lymph, site where

pathogens in lymph and

WBCs can easily mingle

Bone Marrow

Where WBs

are produced, where

B-cells mature.

Where do T cells mature ?

Thymus

Inflammation

response to

tissue injury or infection

Histamine

acts as a

mediator for allergic

reactions

Macrophage

engulfs and

digests pathogens.

Neutrophil

WBC that

engulfs pathogens.

Immune Response

Defends

against foreign substances

(pathogens)

Lymphocytes

WBCs that

respond to antibodies.

B Cell

WBC’s that make

antibodies

T Cell

WBC that develops

in bone marrow.

Memory Cells

Helps

activate the immune system

upon subsequent infection.

Plasma Cells

Antibody

factories that develop from

activated B-cells.

Helper T cells

able to

control the immune

response because they

produce IL-2

Cytotoxic T cells

responsible for destroying

infected cells and tumor

cells

Clonal Selection

cells

rapidly multiplying to fight

an infection.

T-Cell Receptor (TCR)

protein located onT-cell

surface.

Perforin

destroys target

cells.

Apoptosis

programmed

cell death.

Complement

in blood

plasma to create immune

response

Phagocytosis

cell engulfs

pathogens.

Agglutination

clumping

together or particles over

liquid.

Blood Typing

test that

determines a person's

blood group

What are the four ABO blood types

O, A, B, and AB

Rh Factor

protein on RBC

that determines if a person

is Rh+ or Rh-

Active Immunity

body’s

ability to resist infection

using antibodies and

immune cells against a

pathogen

Passive Immunity

temporary protection from

a disease through direct

transfer of antibodies

Vaccination

allow the

primary response to occur

in a controlled

environment.

Primary Immune Response

triggered by 1st exposure

to antigen

Secondary Immune

Response

triggered by 2nd

or later exposure to some

antigen

Transplantation Rejection

Host’s immune system may

see the transplanted organ

as “non self” and attack it.

Autoimmunity

Immunodeficiency

Occurs

when the immune system

attacks “self” antigens

Be able to distinguish between 1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defense. Which ones are general and

which are specific? Give examples of cells/body parts that fit into each of the three categories.

1st- Physical and Chemical Barriers ex: stomach acid, unbroken skin, mucus, cilia, urine,

oil/sweat/acid, lysozymes

2nd- Nonspecific Inflammatory Response ex:capillaries become leakier, phagocytes, WBC’s

enter damaged area, antimicrobial proteins, phagocytic WBC’s

3rd- Specific Immune response ex: Antibodies, B-cells, T-cells

What is the purpose of fever? How should you respond to a low-grade fever?

A fever helps the body fight off pathogens by making the environment not good for

survival, the way to respond to a low-grade fever is rest.

What is interferon? How is it helpful to the body?

Interferons are proteins produced by the body. It helps fight infections and cancer by

boosting the immune system.

explain inflammation including vasodilation, phagocytosis and the various other

events of inflammation.

Inflammation is when the body protects itself it uses vasodilation which causes redness and heat

and phagocytosis which is what the event is called

Compare and contrast the inflammatory response and the immune response.

The inflammatory response is a rapid, nonspecific response the immune response protects the

body from harmful substances and is slow

What are the organs that make up the immune system? What is the function of each organ?

Spleen- Filters blood, site where pathogens in the blood and WBCs can easily mingle.

Lymph Nodes- Filters lymph, site where pathogens in lymph and WBCs can easily mingle.

Bone Marrow- Where WBs are produced, where B-cells mature.

Thymus- where T-cells mature

Compare and contrast humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

Humoral Immunity- Protects against pathogens that are located outside of your cells.

Cell-Mediated Immunity- Protects against pathogens that invade the inside of your cells.

What are antigens? Where are they found? How are they recognized by the immune system?

Antigens are molecules that can trigger an immune response. They are found on the surface of

cells, viruses, and other pathogens.

How are antibodies structured?

Antibodies are a Y-shaped structure.

How do antibodies work? Are they specific or generalized in selecting their target?

Antibodies protect the body by using proteins to select specific targets to go after.

What are the different ways an antibody can interact with antigens to protect the body?

Antibodies interact with antigens by using neutralization, opsonization, ADCC, and

agglutination

Which cell is responsible for controlling the activation of B cells and Cytotoxic T cells? How

does that cell do it?

Helper T cells are responsible for activation of B and T cells. It does this by being the central

coordinator of the immune system.

What is clonal selection? Why is it important?

Clonal Selection is cells rapidly multiplying to fight an infection. This is important because

without it cells would not be able to easily fight pathogens.

What is immunological memory and why does it occur?

It is the immune system’s ability to remember a specific pathogen and have a stronger response

upon re-exposure. It occurs to make it easier when pathogens reoccur.

Compare and contrast primary and secondary immune responses. (A graph may assist you.)

Primary responses are weak and slow, while secondary immune responses are faster.

Give an approximate time frame for the length of time before an inflammatory response is

activated vs. a primary immune response vs. a secondary immune response.

Primary- activated 4-7 days and peaks at 7-10 days

Secondary response- activated in 1-3 days and peaks at 3-5 days.

How do vaccines work? Why are they important?

Vaccines help the body learn to defend itself from disease, it is important we get them to

stay protected from disease.

Based on a preponderance of the peer-reviewed scientific data, what is the connection between

the MMR vaccine and autism? (HINT: This is a trick question)

There is no connection between the MMR vaccine and autism.

What is herd immunity? What happens when a population does not have herd immunity?

If 95% of the population is vaccinated, people who need protection will not get sick easily,

without herd immunity they will get sick.

What is organ “rejection”? When does it happen? How can you prevent rejection or limit the

chances that it will occur?

The host's immune system may see the transplanted organ as

“non self” and attack it. Prevention- finding a close immunological match with MHC

molecules.

What is the Rh Factor? Why is it important to test for the Rh Factor and not just the ABO

blood types?

It is a protein on RBC that determines if a person is Rh+ or Rh-. This is important if a - has

children with a, +, as it can cause emergency situations at birth

Be able to determine if a blood transfusion is a safe match (ie, Can a person with B+ blood

receive O- blood? Can a person with O- blood receive B+ blood?)

O (donor)- A&B- AB (Recipient)

What happens during autoimmune diseases? Give examples and describe what happens during

each?

Occurs when the immune system attacks “self” antigens. Ex: Type 1 diabetes, immune target=

beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans. Multiple Sclerosis immune target= myelin (surrounds axon

in neuron).

What happens during an allergic/asthmatic reaction?

The allergen triggers the immune system to release chemicals that cause the airways to swell and

constrict.

How does the immune system respond to cancer cells? How can cancer cells evade the

immune system? What immune-based cancer therapy is offering promise?

It uses TE and Natural killer cells to try and kill cancer when it recognizes cancer. Cancer can

outwit the immune system by escaping immune recognition. T-cell therapy is an offering for

cancer therapy.

What does AIDS stand for? What causes AIDS? Why is AIDS such a dangerous disease?

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, HIV damages the immune system so the body is not able

to fight infection/disease. It is dangerous because if the body cannot do this, you can get sick very

easily and it can lead to death.

. Label and briefly describe the structure of the HIV virus. (See also Section 10.20 in your

textbook)

Outerparts- gp120

Inside- Protease, Lipid Membrane, Viral RNA genome, Reverse Transcriptase, Intergrace

Covid-19

a. Describe the virus. What is the function of the spike protein?

Spike proteins allow the virus to enter cells and block the spike protein which prevents the virus

from entering cells.

Covid 19

b. Describe how the Pfizer / Moderna vaccines work (tell me from an immune perspective

AND from a “Central Dogma” perspective). What are the benefits of this new type of

vaccine?

Uses MRNA wrapped in a nanoparticle, it is easy to create in a lab and can use booster shots to

use against future variant