everything

diffusion

the net movement of particles from a high concentration to low concentration to reach equilibrium

rate of diffusion

dependant on the concentration gradient

steep gradient

particles diffuse quickly

shallow gradient

particles diffuse slowly

osmosis

the net movement of water particles from a high concentration to a low concentration through a semi permeable membrane

active transport

the net movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration

hypertonic / concentrated

high amount of solute

hypotonic / diluted

low amount of solute

isotonic

equal amount of solute

plasmolysed

when too much water travels out of the cell

swollen and bursts

when too much water travels into the animal cell

turgid

when too much water travels into the plant cell

interphase

dna is duplicated

prohase

nuclear membrane breaks down

chromosomes condense

metaphase

chromosomes line up at the equator

spindle fibres attach to the centromere

anaphase

spindle fibres pull the sister chromatids to opposite poles

telophase

spindle fibres break down

nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes

cytokineses

cell membrane and cytoplasm divide to form two genetically identical diploid daughter cells

haploid

23 chromosomes

diploid

46 chromosomes

cell differentiation

the process where a cell becomes specialised for its job

mitosis

cell division

elongation

plants grow in response to stimuli

growth percentile charts

used to monitor growth so we compare to other humans

cancer

uncontrolled cell division

specialised cells

cells that are adapted to carry out specific functions

stem cells

undifferentiated cells that can divide by mitosis and differentiate

embryonic stem cells

come from embryos around 4-7 days old

can differentiate into any type of cell

adult stem cells

come from specific tissues

can only differentiate into certain cell types

meiosis

dna in the parent cells duplicates

there are two divisions

4 genetically different haploid daughter cells are produced

axon

carries electrical impulses by action potentials

nucleus

contains genetic information

myelin sheath

fatty layer that insulates to speed up impulses

dendrites

picks up signals from other neurons

terminals

releases neurotransmitters to send to other neurons

neurons

carry electrical signals between cns and body

reflex

involuntary instant movement in response to a stimulus

sensory neurons

found in receptors, carry nerve impulses

relay neurons

allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate

motor neurons

found in cns, send neurotransmitters causing muscle contractions

cerebellum

second layer of brain, responsible for balance and coordination

cerebal cortex

outer layer of brain, responsible for intelligence and personality

medulla oblongata

controls unconsious activities

pupil

hole that allows light to enter the eye

retina

contains light receptor cells

cornea

clear layer that refracts light as it enters the eye

optic nerve

sensory neuron that carries impulses between the eye and brain

lens

transparent disc that changes shape to focus light onto the retina

iris

controls how much light enters the eye

short sightedness

concave lens

long sightedness

convex lens

enzymes

proteins that act as biological catalysts

catalysts

substance which increases the speed of reaction without being used up

substrate

the molecule changed in the reaction

active site

the part of the enzyme where it joins to the substrate

complimentary

each enzyme only bonds with one substrate

denaturation

protein that has changed shape

causes proteins to denature

high temperatures

extreme ph

optimum

where the enzyme is most active

as the temp/ph increases to the optimum

the rate of reaction increases

as the temp/ph increases past the optimum

enzyme begins to denature and the rate of reaction decreases

amylase

breaks down starch into glucose

protease

breaks down protein into amino acids

lipase

breaks down fats/lipids into glycerol and 3 fatty acids

catalase

breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

iodine test

orangey/brown iodine solution turns blue/black when it reacts with starch

blue benedicts test

blue benedicts solution turns brick red when it is boiled with boiled with glucose

biuret test

buiret solution turns purple when mixed with proteins

emulsification test

fats go cloudy white when mixed with ethanol and water

calorimetry

food is burnt to see how much energy it contains

chromosomes

an x shaped structure made up of tightly coiled DNA

gene

a short section of DNA that codes for a protein

allele

different versions of a gene

dominant

alleles that are always expressed and they mask recessive genes

recessive

alleles that are only expressed if both copies are recessive and are masked by dominant genes

homozygous

two copies of the same allele

heterozygous

two different copies of alleles

genotype

the genes an individual has

phenotype

observable characteristics an individual has

gamete

sex cells

zygote

ball of cells that will develop into an embryo

codominance

neither allele is dominant over the other

sex linked disorders

the allele for the disorder is located on a sex chromosome

gaps in fossil records

many early forms of life were soft bodied

pentadactyl limb

many species have 5 digits showing they come from a common ancestor

selective breeding

process of selecting and breeding organisms with the desired characteristics to produce offspring with the traits

tissue culture

producing more clones of a plant through asexual reproduction

GMO

genetically modified organisms

restriction enzyme

cuts the dna leaving complimentary sticky ends

ligase enzyme

repairs the backbone of the dna sticking it back together