Molecules of life

Function of Cytoplasm?

Protection

Function of Nucleus

houses genetic material (DNA)

What is the Mitochondria

Powerhouse of cell, generates usable energy from for the cell from energy yeilding nutrients.

Function of ribosomes?

assemble proteins based on genetic code.

Function of endoplasmic reticulum

process and package proteins and lipids.

Function of the golgi apperatus

distributes macromolecules like proteins and lipids around the cell.

Function of lysosomes?

Digestive pouches, which break down macromolecules and destroy foreign invaders

Components and function of Cardiovascular system

C - Heart, Blood vessels, Blood

.

F - Transport oxygen, nutrients waste, body temp

Components and function of Digestive system

C - Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, intestines, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder.

F - Digestion and Absorption. Excrete waste.

Components and function of Endocrine system

C - Endocrine glands: Pituitary, thyroid, Pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovaries

.

F - Secretes hormones, regulates nutrient levels. Regulates bodily processes.

Components and function of Lymphatic system

C - Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen.

.

F - Fluid balance, defend against pathogens.

Components and function of Integumentary system

C - Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

.

F - Protection, body temperature regulation.

Components and function of Muscular system

C - Skeletal M, Smooth M, and Cardiac Muscle

.

F - Body Temp, Movement

Components and function of Nervoussystem

C - Brain, spinal cord, nerves

.

F - Interpret and respond to stimuli, appetite control

Components and function of Reproductive system

C - Gonads, Genitals

.

F - Reproductive and sexual characteristics

Components and function of Respiratory system

C - Lungs, nose, mouth, throat, trachea

.

F - Gas exchange ( O2, CO2)

Components and function of skeletal system

C - Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, joints

.

F - Structure support and Ca storage

Components and function of Urinary/ Excretory system

C - Kidney, Bladder, ureters

.

F - Waste excretion water balance

Where is the suns energy stored from photosythesis

in carbon carbon bonds of glucose

What is the basic photosynthesis formula?

6CO₂ + 6H₂O +Sunlight —> C₆H₁₂O₆(glucose) + O₆

What othere substances do plants make of glucose?

• Converted to starch for later use

• Converted to fats, proteins, and Vitamins

What is starch used for?

Storage of energy as seeds, roots, tubers, and for reproduction.

What is Cellular respiration?

a pathway of energy metabolism occurring in cells of aerobic organisms. It results in the production of ATP.

What is Aerobic?

With oxygen

What is metabolism?

process of converting food into energy

Cellular Reparation formula

Glucose(C6H12H6) + 6O2 —> 6 H2O + energy as ATP and Heat is lost

What food molecules can be used in cellular respiration?

Starches can be converted, and so can fats and proteins, but must be modified

cycle how cellular respiration and photosynthesis work together

CO2, H2O, and Sun in. photosynthesis, makes glucose and O2, used in CR make ATP byproduces H2O, CO2 which are used in photosynthesis.

5 main activities of digestion

Ingestion

Mechanical Digestion

Chemical Digestion

Absorption

Excretion

What are the parts of the GI tract and Accessory organs

• Pharynx esophagus

• stomach,

• small intestine(Duodenum, the jejunum, and ileum),

• large intestine (Cecum, Ascending, transverse, and descending colon),

• rectum.

 

Acessory: Liver, Pancreas, gall bladder, salivary glands

What is segmentation

localized contractions of circular muscle in the GI tract, isolate small sections of the intestine, moving contents back and forth while continuously subdividing, breaking up and mixing the contents; mixes food with digestive juices and facilitates absorption.

What is hydrolosis

splitting of one molecule with the addition of water

How does Chemical Digestion in the stomach occur?

Hydrocloric Acid Unfolds proteins, pepsin digests proteins. And there is gastric Lipase.

How does the small intestine use mechanical digestion?

With peristalsis, but mostly from Segmentation

Chem Digestion SI

Pancreatic Enzymes

Absorbing cells break down and absorb sugar and proteins

Bile is concentrated and from the gallbladder from the liver

How are things absorbed in the small intestine?

Ilium has large Surphace area folds, Villi (finger like projections) have enterocytes on ends, microvilli of enterocytes make up brush border.

what does the Large intestine do?

absorb remaining 10% of nutrintes

gets remaining water.

Recctum to Anus

what is absorbed in the small intestine bloodstream.

Sugar, amino acids, and small fats

large fat fat-soluble nutrietns are absorbed through the lymphatic system

How is GER diff from GERD

dissorder meaning more then twice a weak.

What are some lifestyle, diet and medications for reduciing symptoms of GERD

- Avoid greasy or spicy foods, chocolate, coffee, peppermint, alcohol, and acidic foods

- Smaller more frequent meals

- 3 hours after eating stay upright

- Loos abdomen clothes

- Incline bed

- Quit smoking

- Lose weight

- Maalox, Mylanta, Rolaids

What are peptic ulcers? symptoms?

Sores on the tissue lining the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Damage that erodes

pain, bloody stool or vomit

2 causes of Peptic Ulcers?

Helicobacter Pylori

• T Antibiotics and Antacid

Nonsteroidal Antinflammatory Drugs, naids block production of enzyme protecting stomach lining

• T Stop drug startanti-acid

What are common causes of Diarrhea

Effects of Diarrhea

Food with bacteria, E. coli, Salmonella, viruses norovirus, rotavirus, paracites cryptosporidium enteritis, dietary intolerances or allergies

Dehydration, Malabsorption of Nutrients

What is constapation?

Causes?

Fixes?

Less then 3 poops a week, hard and dry, often painfull

.

Holding makes extra dry, disruptions, lack of physical activity,

.

More fiber, more water, after meal attempts, caffiene, Fiber suplements,

What is IBS

symptoms?

Functional disorder, between brain and gut

abdominal pain, can’t finish, bloating, constipation, or diarrhea

who is IBS common in?

How to treat?

12% of people in US

women

familys (genetic)

trama

GI infections

.

Fiber

OR FODMAPSs

What are FODMAPs and why should people on them close moniterization

Fermentable carohyddrates can be eaten with ease.

Becuae it is very restrictive so deficiencys may occur

IBD has two typers of dissorders

Ulcerative Colitis

Crohns Disease

diff between IBD and IBS?

IBD is more severe and longer lasting, can be veiwed from endoscopy.

IBD symptoms

Diarrhea, camping, abdominal pain, tired, weight loss

what causes IBD

How to treat

auto immue disease

Medications to reduce inflammation, odulate immune system, sometimes surgery.

Cuase of food tolerances?

Symptoms?

Body not producing enough particular digestive enzyme,

.

Gas, bloating, flatulence, cramping, diarrhea 30 to 2 hours after eating

What dairy is low in lactose?

How many are actose intolerant?

Aged hard cheese, buttermilk, and yogurt

65% of humans.

What is a food allergy?

Result of the immune system mistakenly identifying a food protein as a invasive threat. It usually causes immediate symptoms such as rash swollen face throat or diff breathing.

What is anaphylaxis?

Multiple organ effecting reaction

Symptoms of Food allergies

Imediate

Swollen GI, difficulti breathing, nausea and vomiting, cramp diarrhea dangerous blood sugar drop. Rash with difficullti breathing is anaphalaxis BC two systmes

What to do for anaphylaxis?

Epinephrine from epi pen and medical attention

9 most common food allergies

Peanuts, tree nuts, milk, shellfish, eggs, fish, wheat, soy, and sesame

11% of people have food allergies

What is Celiac Disease?

Autoimmune disease.

Gluten causes cells to attack intestinal walls

in .5 tp 1 % of people

Symptoms of Celiac DIsease

Complications

Pale fatty loose stools, GI upset, constipation, Abdominal pain, skin condtions

Malabsoption so can stunt kids growth, Small intestine damage

How is celiac diesase diagnosed?

Blood test and then biopsy.

what is non celiac gluten sensitivity?

diet where people drop gluten unknown why they feel better