Pathogens/ Foodborne Illness 1

More than ____ of emerging diseases that infect people originate in ____. Disease risk in humans is correlated with proximity of human villages to ______ habitat

60%; Animals; Non-human primate

The deadliest animal vector on earth?

mosquito ~ 750000 people die annually from mosquito contracted diseases

pathogen

an infectious disease causing organismn

vector

can carry pathogens to other organismsin

infection

pathogen invades cell or multi celled organism

epidemic

pathogen spreads through a population

pandemic

pathogen spreads through many populations

septicemia

blood poisoning = infection in blood

acute

sudden or onset of condition(e.g broken bone)

chronic

persistent condition(e.g Arthiritus)

food borne illness

fecal-oral transmission is number 1 cause

incubation period

the time it takes for pathogens to make you sick

invasive infections

pathogens enter body through walls of digestive tract. can also release toxins

leaky gut syndrome

microbes slip in between digestive cells and get into the blood stream

non invasive infections

pathogen doesn’t enter body. you are sickened by toxins produced by the pathogens that were on the food before you ate it. Sometimes pathogens make toxins while in your digestive system

food poisoning

a non invasive infection where toxins were on your food before you are it. Onset is usually fast. Different species thrive at different temperatures, which is why food can spoil in your refrigerator

True or false your food is always safe to eat if you cook it

false. Not all toxins are destroyed by. heat

best refrigerator temp

beterrn 33F- 37F

best freezer temp

below 0F

Danger zone for pathogen growth

40f-140f

A genera food service rule of thum

any animal protein exposed to temperature at the lower end of the danger zone (40f-140f) for a cumulative of four hours should be considered unsafe for human consumption. less time for warmer temps

Is pure bleach the best way to kill surface pathogens

no, you want 10% bleach solution: 1 part bleach to 9 parts water

Even better solution is

white vinegar and hydrogen peroxide. Either order, dry the surface in between and after

Viruses

Most common food borne pathogen, 60% of all cases, but only 12% of deaths. Heat can inactivate most viruses, cold only slows them down

A complete virus particle is called a 

virion

viruses cannot generate

energy

viruses are ____ until they are inside or attached to a host cell

inactive

1. DNA or RNA in a protein coat. Must have a host cell to reproduce

2. antibiotics do not kill viruses, only your immune system does.

3. we get vaccination because the immune is too slow to stop most viruses

DNA viruses

ability to persist(hide) in the host. Examples: Adenovirus, Human papillomavirus(HPV, Parvovirus, chickenpox, Herpes, West Nile virus, Zika Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and others

RNA viruses

70% of all viruses. Highest mutation rates, meaning that RNA viruses can often adapt to new hosts or quickly reinfect former hosts. examples: Influenza, coronavirus, rhinovirus, rabies, measles, mumps, hantavirus, ebola, polio, and many others

retro viruses

use reverse transcriptase to make DNA from its RNA genome. ExamplesL HIV , Human T-Cell Leukemia virus, Feline Leukemia Virus

Stomach virus. Norovirus

causes half of all viral food borne illness and causes stomach flu

rabies virus

100% fatal. That’s why you MUST vaccinate your pets.

rabies

Affects the central nervous system causing delirium, hallucinations, agitation, and anxiety. Usually found in the saliva of infected animals but also in nervous tissue. Common carriers include dog/cat, raccoon, skunk, bat, fox, coyote. Transmitted by biting but eating infected tissue may also cause infection.

dengue fever virus

4 subtypes. transmitted by mosquitos. infection with first subtype is rarely fatal, but reinvention with a different subtype can be fatal. This is why early vaccination efforts against this virus were catastrophic

cytomegalovirus

50-80% of US adults infected by age 40; most show no symptoms. Might cause possible complications during pregnancy

Epstein Barr virus

90-95% of adults already infected. Causes mononucleosis

varicellazoster virus

causes chickenpox(varicella). very contagious through air or by contact with blisters. In older adults, can develop into a condition called shingles( zoster)

mPox

Related to small pox with similar symptoms. Causes blisters but is rarely fatal

hepatitis viruses

types A,B,C,D,or E. Can cause inflammation and damage to liver

Jaundice

yellow discoloration of skin, mucus, membranes, or eyes caused by liver problems.

respeiratory viruses: do masks help?

yes!

Influenza virus

Causes flu. Type(strain) A wore than B. Evolve rapidly due to Antigenic drift and Antigenic shift, allowing them to avoid your immune response.

Coronavirus

Highly contagious respiratory viruses named for surface spike proteins that resemble Sun’s corona. Some species causes variations of the common cold

Rhinovirus

Many different types, Most common cause*50%) of the common cold. Grows best in the nose where the temperatures are between 91-95f. C-type might be linked to increased asthma severity

Adeno virus

Common cause of cold like symptoms, diarrhea, and pink eye. Infections more common in children than in adults

conjunctivitis

pinkeye, inflammation of the white part of the eye. Multiple causes

Respiratory syncytial virus

causes cold-like infections of lung/ respiratory tract. Common,. Most children exposed by age 5. Adults can be re-infected. Dangerous to infants, elderly , those with compromised immune systems