Human Geography BETA

Based ENTIRELY on study guide. Not respnsible for ANYONE failing. ts is js the study guide on some flashcards.

Agricultural Hearths and their timeline

Fertile Crescent, Southeast Asia, Indus Valley, East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Mesoamerica

Agricultural hearth important rivers: Fertile Crescent

Tigris and Euphrates

Agricultural hearth important rivers: Southeast and East Asia

Yellow and Yangtze Rivers

Agricultural hearth important rivers: Indus Valley

Ganges River

Agricultural hearth important rivers: Sub-Saharan Africa

Nile River

Agricultural hearth important rivers: Mesoamerica

Mississippi and Rio Grande Rivers

The Second Agricultural Revolution

Mainly focused on mechanics and industry (rise of machinery in agriculture)

Third/Green Agricultural Revolution

Mainly focused on Scientific innovations, such as GMOs, Pesticides, and Fertilizers

Metes and Bounds

Measuring using visual cues

Township and Range

Measuring using square feet

Von Thunen Model & Order of circles

Proto-circle is the market, Market Gardening, Forestry, Grains, and Ranching. (Remember that proximity to the market depends on how quickly the product can spoil.)

The MOST wasteful agricultural practice is?

Irrigation, which is the practice of artificially providing water to land to support plant growth, especially crops

Pros of GMOs

GMOs are very strong against pests and harsh climates

Cons of GMOs

GMO side effects on human health are relatively unknown and many studies have shown that they may cause cancer

Aquaculture

Essentially a fish ranch where they mass-produce tons of fish and where we get most of our fish products today, more than 50%

Subsistence Agriculture

Subsistence is farming for your family (Only to survive throughout the year)

Commercial Agriculture

Commercial farming is to maximize earnings and profits. More than 97% of farms in the USA are Commercial

Monoculture

Agriculture where you ONLY grow ONE crop always. (Plantation Farming, i.e. cotton, corn, wheat, soybeans.)

Mono-cropping

Like multi-cropping except you take a break every other year,

Multi-cropping

Agriculture defined by crop rotation, and growing multiple crops at the same time

Urban Hierarchy

Hamlet, Village, Town, City

Mega-cities

Cities that have about 10 Million inhabitants but not quite as large as they could be

Meta-cities

Largest and most influential cities of the world with at least 20 Million Inhabitants

Boomburbs

Cities that are not as large or influential, but are still relatively well known, mostly in the local area. Only has about 100,000 inhabitants

Globalization

The process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture

Sub-Saharan city models

Have three central business districts

Latin American city models

Have the richer population closer to the central business district

Southeast Asian cities

Have ports and small gardens for agriculture

Redlining

When bankers openly practice housing discrimination against others based on race, ethnicity, and income level. Defined by having a map with red areas that are the least desirable houses in the area

Qualitative data

Subjective, usually gained from conducting surveys, interviews, or observing other people

Quantitative Data

Data gained through objective means. Census data and data gained through observations using math, accounting, and statistics

Infrastructure

All of the structures and facilities provided by the local governments through taxes paid by citizens. i.e.: Roads, school funding, water supply, sewage, drainage, electric utilities, and telecommunications (internet and phone lines)

A city’s power is defined by___?

How influential they are politically, economically, and culturally

Usually, in American cities, the closer you are to the central business district,___?

The poorer & lower quality homes are according to bid-rent theory. However, businesses closer to the central business district are of the highest quality.

Primary sector

Agriculture and Mining jobs

Secondary sector

Factory and manufacturing jobs

Third sector

Service jobs like being a lawyer, doctor, engineer, and retail workers

Fourth sector

Computer science and Information Technology jobs (I.T.)

Fifth sector

Political and top leadership positions

Core Countries

Super rich and powerful countries. Most people here work on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th. (U.S.A., Germany, U.K.)

Semi-Periphery Countries

Countries that are neither too poor, rich, or powerful. Most people here work in 3rd, 2nd, and a small percentage work in 1st sector jobs. (Mexico, South Africa, Vietnam)

Periphery

Countries that are poor and most people here work in the first sector. (Guatemala, Democratic Republic of the Congo, East Timor.)

Stages of Economic Growth: 1

Traditional society/Periphery (Very high birth rates and death rates, 0 growth overall)

Stages of Economic Growth: 2

Transitional stage/Periphery (Still very high birth and death rates, but some growth)

Stages of Economic Growth: 3

(0 growth at all, neither positive or negative)

Stages of Economic Growth: 4

Drive to maturity stage/Core (A little bit of growth, usually very prosperous, balanced.)

Stages of Economic Growth: 5

High mass consumption stage/Core; (Very low birth and death rates, population decline, more elderly citizens than citizens in youth/ working years)

Lower Order Services

Common businesses found across most cities in the U.S.A. (Gas stations, fast food restaurants, Wal-Mart, and Auto Mechanic businesses.)

Higher Order Services

More luxurious services found in larger cities like Houston and N.Y.C. (Neurosurgeons, luxury car dealerships, and high end jewelry shops.)

The rest u study on your own

100!