Radiate Animals Phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora

phylum cnidaria includes

jellyfish, anemones, and corals

phylum cnidaria aka

coelenterata or radiata

phylum cnidaria differ from sponges because

have tissue level development and have rudimentary organs

cnidaria symmetry

primary radial symmetry

the only other phylum that has radial symmetry is

echinodermata

the cnidarian body wall has

3 basic layers, 2 tissue layers, diploblastic

cnidaria tissue 3 layers are

epidermis, gastrodermis, and mesoglea

two basic body plans are

polyp and medusa

metagenesis is the

alternation of generation

polyps are

sessile

polyp has a

hydrant or hydroid, cylindrical stalk and oral end with tentacles, mesoglea is a thin layer

medusa are

free swimming, bell shaped, mesoglea constitutes bulk

5 cell types in cnidaria

epithelio-muscle, interstitial, mucous secreting, nerve, cnidocytes

epithelio-muscle cells do what

cover and protect, can contract

interstitial cells do what

production of gametes

mucous secreting cells aka ______ ______ do what

gland cells, mucous for attachment, feeding

nerve cells do what

irritability

cnidocytes do what

protection, predation

how cnidocytes work

on tentacles, defense, anchoring and feeding, nematocyst bathed in a toxin, cnidocil trigger

cnidaria are the first time seeing a

nervous system

the nervous system in cnidaria is a

nerve net, 2 nets associated with epidermis and gastrodermis

classification of cnidaria is by the

number of septa in the gastrovascular cavity

hydrozoa number of septa

0

scyphozoa number of septa

4

cubozoa number of septa

4

anthozoa number of septa

6,8, or multiples of 6 and 8

hydrozoa are

polymorphic, polyp and medusa

hydrozoa have a simple

gastrovascular cavity

hydrozoa have no

nematocysts in digestive cavity

hydrozoa are

solitary or colonial and freshwater and marine

composition of hydrozoa colonies has 3 types of

individuals - division of labor

gastrozooid in hydrozoa is equivalent to the

hydranth

gastrozooid in hydrozoa is responsible for

feeding also numerous

gonozooid in hydrozoa is equivalent to the

gonangium

gonozooid in hydrozoa is responsible for

reproduction

dactylozooids in hydrozoa are responsible for

defense and food capture

3 basic life cycle types of hydrozoa

hydra, obelia, physalia

hydra in hydrozoa is

only polyp

obelia in hydrozoa is

both polyp and medusa stage

physalia in hydrozoa is

colony attached to float called pneumatophore

turritopsis nutricula is known as the

immortal jellyfish

turritopsis nutricula is similar to the ______ but

obelia, mature medusa stage can revert back to the immature polyp stage, and the cycle continues indefinitely

turritposis nutricula happens through

cellular transdifferentiation

cellular transdifferentiation is the

changing of one mature cell into a different type

Aequorea Victoria is known as the

crystal jelly

aequorea victoria life cycle is similar to

obelia

aequorea victoria was the source of

green florescent protein (GFP), pGLO, now widely used in biological research, particularly in microbiology

Physalia life cycle colony is

attached to a float - pneumatophore

physalia individuals attached to

trailing tentacles

physalia reproduce

sexually and asexually

physalia life cycle

produces planula larva, turns into medusa, comes to surface and pneumatophore is formed and then reproduces asexually for form colony

Scyphozoa is known as the

true jellyfish

scyphozoa are

exclusively marine

scyphozoa are much larger

in size compared to hydrozoan medusae (hydromedusae)

Scyphozoa mesoglea is a

large portion of body

scyphozoa gastrovascular cavity is

divided by septa - 4 pouches

scyphozoa complex system of

canals help move food and oxygen

scyphozoa muscular system on

outer edge of medusa

scyphozoa some are very

toxic, can kill a person in 30 seconds or less, many have only mild toxin to humans, are predators, eat variety of animals

how many sense organs in scyphozoan

8

what are the 8 compounds of marginal sense organs

2 sensory pits, 1 ocellus, tactile structures, and 1 statocyst

2 sensory pits job

chemoreception

1 ocellus (eyespot) job

light sensing

tactile structures job

touch sensitive

statocyst job

orientation and balance

cubozoa were formaly classified under

scyphozoa

cubozoa mostly in the

medusa stage, polyp either inconspicuous or mostly unknown

cubozoa have

ocelli and camera type eyes with cornea and lens

cubozoa is one of the

deadliest animals on the planet

how many know life cycles of cubozoa

one

cubozoa life cycle

no ephyra stage, directly into medusa

anthozoa major characteristics are

no medusa stage, polyps produce eggs and sperm, planula larvae develop into sexually mature polyps

anthozoans are either

solitary or colonial

anthozoans are all

marine

morphology of anthozoa are

cylindrical in shape and gastrovascular cavity is divided by septa

anthozoans symmetry

internal organization is always biradial, this is a true type of bilateral symmetry that is seen throughout the life cycle

classification of anthozoa two sublasses

octocorallia and hexacorallia

subclass octocorallia is known as the

soft corals

octocorallia skeleton is made of

spicules of protein - flexible

octocorallia tentacles and septae are arranged in

a multiple of 8 symmetry

octocorallia are all

colonial, connected by gastrodermal tubes (endodermal) - in hard corals connection is ectodermal

octocorallia tentacles are

pinnate or branched

octocorallia usually there is a

dimorphism of individuals

dimorphism of individuals in octocorallia are

autozoids and siphonozooids

autozooids job

feed and bear gonads

siphonozooids job

do not feed or have gonads, have 2 septae which are used in water circulation

the largest group of octocorallians are the

soft corals (Order Alcyonacea) - sea fans, pipe organ coral

subclass hexacorallia is the

sea anemones and hard corals

subclass hexacorallia tentacles and septae are divided in groups of

6 or multiples of 6, never 8

subclass hexacorallia tentacles are

simple and not divided or pinnate

subclass hexacorallia skeleton is never

made of spicules but may be calcareous or horny, secreted by ectoderm

subclass hexacorallia colonial and solitary

1/2 known species are colonial, 1/2 are solitary

sea anemones are generally

solitary, living on the bottom or are epizoic

reproduction of the sea anemone is

sexual and asexual

asexual reproduction is

budding or fragmentation

sea anemones are often

commensal with fishes

hard corals anatomically

closely resemble sea anemones

hard corals most are

colonial, some are solitary

hard corals secrete a

hard calcareous skeleton

hard corals chiefly responsible for

coral reef development