Year 10 Geography

Natural features

The physical features of the Earth, such as rivers or oceans

Cultural features

The human built features of the earth

Legend

A list or box that identifies patterns, symbols, or colours and what they represent in a map

Eastings

Vertical lines that increase in value as you move east on a map

Northings

Horizontal lines that increase in value as you move north

Area references

4-digit coordinates given to direct to a particular grid square

Corner of a square represented by an area reference

Bottom left

Area reference use case

To provide the location of a general area

Area reference prefix

AR

Grid references

6-digit coordinates given to direct to a particular grid square and a particular location inside of it

Order of digits in grid references

Eastings, easting mini-grid, northings, northing mini-grid

Grid refernce prefix

GR

Cardinal points

North, East, South and West

Inter-cardinal points

Points on the compass that lie between the main four cardinal points

East in bearings

90 degrees

Closely spaced contour lines

Land has a steep gradient

Distantly spaced contour lines

Land has a shallow gradient

Contour lines

A line on a map joining points of equal height above or below sea level.

1:100 000

1 centimetre on the map is equal to 100 000 on the ground

100 000 centimetres in kilometres

1km

Secondary inter-cardinal points

North-north-east, east-north-east, etc.

Spot height

Shows the actual height of a particular spot on a map

Types of scale

Written, line, ratio

Line scale

A straight-line ruler is provided that shows you the relationship between centimetres and another unit of measurement.

Written scale

A scale written in words such as 'one centimetre on the map represents one kilometre on the ground'.

Ratio scale

A ratio with one centimetre on the left and the corresponding real-life distance provided on the right.

BOLTSS

Essential features of a map

B

Border

O

Orientation

L

Legend

T

Title

S

Scale

S (second)

Source

Geography

The study of relationships between humans and the environment

Physical geography

The study of physical features of the earth's surface, how it was formed and continues to change

Human (cultural) geography

The study of people and how they interact with the environment

Two basic types of map

Maps that summarise the landscape and maps that describe or comment on the landscape (thematic maps)

Physical maps

Shows physical landscape features

Political maps

Government boundaries of countries, nations

Social maps

Social aspects of the human population

Synoptic maps

Used to display weather conditions

Climate maps

Show climate data

Chloropleth maps

Use shadings or colour to show the average density or concentration of a particular feature in an area

Example of a chloropleth map

Colour shadings to indicate the voter turnout in different states

Three types of environmental change

Changes to land, changes to atmosphere and changes to water

Examples of changes to land

Deforestation, soil erosion, and urbanisation

Examples of changes to air

Climate change, air pollution, and ozone layer depletion

Examples of changes to water

Ocean acidification, water pollution, and overfishing

Ocean acidification

The increasing acidity, measure in "ph" of water in the ocean as a result of increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

Water pollution

The contamination of streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, or groundwater with substances produced through human activities

Overfishing

Removing more fish from the oceans or water bodies than can be naturally produced

Coral bleaching

Occurs when a coral becomes stressed and expels most of its colourful algae, leaving an underlying ghostly white skeleton of calcium carbonate

Climate change

Long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns, typically as a result of human activities

Air pollution

The contamination of the atmosphere by the introduction of pollutants from human and natural sources

Ozone layer depletion

The thinning of the ozone layer present in the upper atmosphere

Deforestation

The loss of trees through human means

Soil erosion

Wearing away of surface soil by water and wind

Urbanisation

The process of making an area urban

Loss of biodiversity

The declining number and variety of the species in an area

Land pollution

The contamination of land by both solid or liquid waste

Land degradation

The negative trend in land condition as a result of human or non-human means.

Causes of urbanisation

Natural increase, rural-urban migration, location, economic development.

World views

The different ways people view the environment, humans, and the relationship between the two.

Human centred world views

Egocentric and anthropocentric

Earth-centred world views

Ecocentric and biocentric

Egocentric world view

I am the most important creature on Earth. Everything and everyone else is important to the extent that they support me and my lifestyle.

Anthropocentric world view

Humans are the most important species. We are in
charge of the Earth and the natural world. We can use nature to support us and our lifestyle.

Ecocentric world view

We should do whatever we can to minimise our impact and preserve the Earth's biodiversity. We are no more important than any other organism.

Biocentric world view

We have a responsibility to use the Earth's resources in a sustainable way. Other species may be useful to us but they also have as much right to exist as we do.

What type of map is this

Chloropleth

What type of map is this?

Climate map (or maybe synoptic I don’t know good luck)

What type of map is this?

Political

What is the symbol for a walking track

_ _ _

What is the symbol for a windbreak

A green line

Provide an area reference for Naoro

AR2155

Provide an area reference for Maola

AR2457

Provide a grid reference for Mt Shera

GR208556

Provide a grid reference for Mororo

GR212514

What is this?

Water pollution

Urban developer world view

Human-centric

Oil and gas executive world view

Human-centric

Environmental activist world view

Earth-centric