horse nutr exam 2 ttu

_____ ______ ______ is an extremely important factor to consider when feeding broodmares

body condition score

what are 3 roughage needs

-Provides percentage of daily nutrient requirements

-Helps maintain integrity of digestive tract

-Minimizes vices

-______-_____ Days/Increased Body Condition Score

-_____-______ Pounds/Increased Body Condition Score

-35-42

-80-100 lbs

Dry Pregnant Mare in Good Body Condition - Needs what?

NO Concentrate the first 7-8 months

what are 3 nutrient requirements are very different from the mare

-Build a creep feeder

-Provide top quality foal feed. Minimum 16% crude protein, .80% Ca. and .50 P.

-Elevate mare troughs to keep foals from eating mare feed

meeting the nutritional requirements of horses

-Identify the class of horse

-Recognize nutrient requirements

-Select roughage source

-Determine the percent of daily requirements to be provided by roughages

-Determine nutrient shortages (requirements minus nutrients from roughages)

-Formulate or select a concentrate mix to meet remaining requirements for energy, protein, minerals and vitamins

when it comes to feeding round bales, what is the conclusion

-Wastage is considerably higher when round baled hay is fed without the use of feeders.

-Round bale feeders reduce access to the bale

-Hay fed without a hay ring will become spoiled more quickly

-Hay rings can maximize the amount of clean, unspoiled hay available from a round bale.

-Lower wastage resulted from reduced spoilage

--There was no difference in dry matter intake between treatments with and without a hay ring

--There was no difference in ADG between treatments

what are some factors to look at with hay selection

-Type (Grass vs. Legume)

-Quality (Testing)

-Leaf-To-Stem Ratio

-Color

-Odorless

-Free of Trash

-Free of Mold

what is the difference between grasses and legumes

grasses- more digestible fiber

legumes- more leafiness, less structure

what are some potential forage related problems

-Alfalfa-blister beetle

-Dallisgrass-ergotism

-Fescue- endophyte fungus

-Kleingrass- intake/liver damage

-Prairie Hay- quality/colic

-Sorghum Sudan- prussic acid

-Contain "cantharidin" in their hemolymph (the blood of insects).

-highly toxic when ingested, cause illness and even death in these animals.

-stable compound that retains its toxicity to livestock even when dried remains of beetles, that have been killed in the harvesting process, are fed along with forage.

what forage related problem is this

alfalfa- blister beetle

-is one of the most problematic weeds in the southern United States. It loves warm, moist areas and thrives during the summer. And though it's easy to identify, getting rid of it is difficult.

-The fungus attacks grasses by replacing the seed ovary with a hard structure known as an ergot.

-This ergot holds the fruiting body that produces spores.

-The spores contain the toxin.

-This ergot is round, about 1/8 inch in diameter with a cream colored center.

-Effects nervous system, bloodflow, reproduction, death

what forage related problem is this

dallisgrass-ergotism

-extremely hardy, well-adapted grass species used for hay and pasture in the central and eastern United States and the Pacific Northwest.

-Although tall fescue has gotten a bad reputation in the horse industry, it is a safe and practical grass for most classes of horses with the exception of broodmares

what forage related problem is this

fescue- endophyte fungus

correlates with saponins

what forage related problem is this

kleingrass

-is mostly warm-season grasses like the bluestems and gramas, indiangrass, switchgrass, lovegrass, or prairie sandreed. There might be some wheatgrass or junegrass or other cool-season species present.

-Extreme variation year to year

what forage related problem is this

prairie hay quality

-preventing oxygen absorption in the tissues causing fatal respiratory problems.

-urine dribbling is a common symptom in both male and female horses -loss of hair on the hind legs

-Nerve damage, and injury to an unborn foal if your mare is pregnant

-Extreme sensitivity to the sun's rays, causing a sunburn type condition around the head

-Nitrate intoxications causing a chocolate colored blood sample

-Acute cyanide poisoning which can be fast acting and deadly

wat forage related problem is this

sorghum-prussic acid

range in grain or concentrate intake is _____% - _____% of body weight

.5%-2.0%

most popular, safe grain to feed

oats

highest energy density, usually processed

corn and barley

high energy density, must be processed

sorghum (milo)

the amount of energy in the feed.

gross energy

the amount of energy in the feed minus the amount of energy lost in the feces.

digestible energy

the amount of energy in the feed minus the energy lost in the feces and urine.

metabolizable energy

the amount of energy in the feed minus the energy lost in the feces, urine, and in heat production through digestive and metabolic processes, i.e. heat increment.

net energy

the degree of compactness of a substance.

density

the amount of energy stored in a given system, substance, or region of space per unit volume.

energy density

is multiple (see prefix mega) of the pre-metric measurement unit of energy calorie.

megacalorie (MCal)

_____ _____ horses have higher protein requirements (Lysine is rate-limiting amino acid)

young, growing

what is the bare minimum crude protein needed for a weanling

16%

what is the bare minimum crude protein needed for a yearling, pregnant mare, and senior

14%

what is the bare minimum crude protein needed for a performance horse, pastured horse, and breeding stallion

10-12%

what is the calcium to phosphorus ratio

1:1 or 1.5:1

what are the 4 fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

-Blood builders. Quickly voided in the urine

-Biotin. Limited research demonstrates a positive effect on hoof in about 1/3 of horses

b-complex

early to mid gestation roughage source of legumes are what % of the BW

-grass hay?

-1.5-1.6

-1.6-2.2

late pregnancy rough source of grass hay is what % of BW and how many pounds would that be for a 1100 lb mare?

-for a concentrate?

-1.0, 11-12 lb

-.6, 6-7 lb

digestible energy for broodmare is ____ for

-late pregnancy

-early lactation

-late lactation

-1.15

-1.72 (late 1.5)

-1.48 (late 1.3)

minimum % of crude protein, Calcium, and Phosphorus ?

-16%

-.80%

-.50%

what are the nutrient consideration?

-water

-energy (CHO, protein, fat)

-electrolytes

__________ are the smallest of chemicals that are important for the cells in the body to function and allow the body to work

electrolytes

Required to maintain ideal body condition and perform work

◦DE utilized depends on intensity and duration

◦Intensity difficult to determine

energy

_______to ______ ratio should increase as the work increases

concentrate to roughage

intensity vs duration

-intensity: genetics, breeding, age, location can have factors

-density: ???

-fats have ___ cal/gram

-carbs have _____ cal/gram

-protein has _____ cal/gram

-9

-4

-4

◦increased heat production following consumption of food by an animal, accounts for as much as 30% of the ingested metabolizable energy (ME) in mammals and birds.

low heat increment

(sparing effect)The use of non-carbohydrates as a source of energy during exercise so that the depletion of muscle glycogen stores is delayed. If fat, for example, makes a greater contribution to an athlete's efforts during the initial stages of a race, more glycogen will be available for the later stages and muscle fatigue will be delayed

Glycogen

particularly appealing to hard working horses

omega 3 fatty acids

a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection.

inflammation

-tend to involve short bursts of high intensity activity.

-helps increase muscle mass and strength

anaerobic

-helps increase endurance

aerobic

what are some other energy requirements?

-level of fitness

-skill

-weight of rider

-climate

-breed

-BCS

what are the 4 work categories

-light

-moderate

-heavy

-very heavy

The amount of energy required is directly proportional to the work being performed

◦Determine based on oxygen utilized during work

◦Correlated to HR

type of work

how can body condition scoring be detrimental to performance horses

meeting requirements, defiecienes, too fat, too skinny?

sweat increases loss of ____, ____, ____, and letter amounts of ____ and ____

-Na, Cl, K

-Ca, Mg

◦found in the sweat of equines, which allows sweat to penetrate the waterproof coat and there evaporate and cool the animal

surfactant protein

what is commonly deficient in the diet

Na

what is often limiting in high grain, low forage diets

K