AP Psych: Human development and Motivation

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes behavior.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation that comes from within; doing something for its own sake.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by external rewards or outcomes.

Self-Determination Theory

People need competence, autonomy, and relatedness for motivation.

Competence

The need for mastery and control over life and the environment.

Autonomy

The need for control over one’s own behaviors and goals.

Relatedness

The need for a sense of belonging and connection with others.

Instinct Theory

Behavior is innate and evolved for survival.

Drive Reduction Theory

Motivation arises from biological needs to maintain homeostasis.

Primary Drives

Biological needs such as hunger and thirst.

Secondary Drives

Motivations learned through experience, like money to buy food.

Incentive Theory

Behavior driven by external stimuli or 'pull factors'.

Overjustification Effect

External rewards reduce intrinsic motivation.

Arousal Theory

People seek an optimal level of arousal.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

links arousal levels to performance

Humanistic Theory

personal growth and self-actualization.

Affiliation Motivation

Drive to connect with others while balancing social needs.

Ostracism

Social exclusion that can cause emotional pain.

Competence Motivation

Striving to master skills and control outcomes.

Achievement Motivation

Focus on excelling and outperforming others.

Approach-Approach Conflict

Conflict that occurs when choosing between two positive outcomes.

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Conflict that arises when choosing between two negative outcomes.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Conflict involving a single goal with both positive and negative aspects.

Sensation Seeking

The pursuit of varied, novel, and intense experiences.

Growth Mindset

The belief that abilities can develop through effort, learning, and persistence.

Fixed Mindset

The belief that abilities are static and unchangeable.

Hunger Regulation

The process by which the body controls appetite and food intake.

Hypothalamus

A brain region that regulates hunger.

Lateral Hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that acts as the 'on switch' for hunger.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

The area of the hypothalamus that acts as the 'off switch' for hunger.

Ghrelin

A hormone that stimulates appetite and eating.

Orexin

A hormone that promotes hunger.

Leptin

A hormone that signals satiety and regulates food intake.

Glucose

A simple sugar that serves as an energy source and plays a role in hunger.

Insulin

A hormone that regulates glucose levels and hunger responses.

Set Point Theory

Body maintains a stable weight by regulating food intake and energy expenditure.

Dopamine Deficiencies

Low levels of dopamine that may lead to overeating to stimulate the brain's reward system.

Anorexia

An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and severely restricted food intake.

Arousal Theory

The theory that people seek an optimal level of arousal.

Blood Glucose

A simple sugar in the blood that serves as an energy source.

Boredom Susceptibility

A trait characterized by a tendency to become easily bored.

Broaden and Build Theory

The theory that positive emotions broaden thoughts and behaviors, leading to resource building.

Cognitive Appraisal

Determine its significance for well-being.

Disinhibition

The reduction of restraint or inhibition.

Drive-Reduction Theory

Motivation arises from biological needs to maintain homeostasis.

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

Ghrelin

A hormone that stimulates appetite and eating.

Psychological Motives

Motives that arise from psychological factors such as needs and desires.

Leptin

A hormone that signals satiety and regulates food intake.

Overjustification Effect

External rewards reduce intrinsic motivation.

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes behavior.

Self-Determination Theory

People need competence, autonomy, and relatedness for motivation.

Autonomy

The need for control over one’s own behaviors and goals.

Instinct Theory

Behavior is innate and evolved for survival.

Drive Reduction Theory

Motivation arises from biological needs to maintain homeostasis.

Secondary Drives

Motivations learned through experience, like money to buy food.

Incentive Theory

Behavior driven by external stimuli or 'pull factors'.

Arousal Theory

People seek an optimal level of arousal.

Humanistic Theory

personal growth and self-actualization.

Affiliation Motivation

Drive to connect with others while balancing social needs.

Ostracism

Social exclusion that can cause emotional pain.

Achievement Motivation

Focus on excelling and outperforming others.

Sensation Seeking

The pursuit of varied, novel, and intense experiences.

Growth Mindset

The belief that abilities can develop through effort, learning, and persistence.

Fixed Mindset

The belief that abilities are static and unchangeable.

Hunger Regulation

The process by which the body controls appetite and food intake.