AP Psych: Human development and Motivation
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66 Terms
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes behavior.
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation that comes from within; doing something for its own sake.
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation driven by external rewards or outcomes.
Self-Determination Theory
People need competence, autonomy, and relatedness for motivation.
Competence
The need for mastery and control over life and the environment.
Autonomy
The need for control over one’s own behaviors and goals.
Relatedness
The need for a sense of belonging and connection with others.
Instinct Theory
Behavior is innate and evolved for survival.
Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation arises from biological needs to maintain homeostasis.
Primary Drives
Biological needs such as hunger and thirst.
Secondary Drives
Motivations learned through experience, like money to buy food.
Incentive Theory
Behavior driven by external stimuli or 'pull factors'.
Overjustification Effect
External rewards reduce intrinsic motivation.
Arousal Theory
People seek an optimal level of arousal.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
links arousal levels to performance
Humanistic Theory
personal growth and self-actualization.
Affiliation Motivation
Drive to connect with others while balancing social needs.
Ostracism
Social exclusion that can cause emotional pain.
Competence Motivation
Striving to master skills and control outcomes.
Achievement Motivation
Focus on excelling and outperforming others.
Approach-Approach Conflict
Conflict that occurs when choosing between two positive outcomes.
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
Conflict that arises when choosing between two negative outcomes.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Conflict involving a single goal with both positive and negative aspects.
Sensation Seeking
The pursuit of varied, novel, and intense experiences.
Growth Mindset
The belief that abilities can develop through effort, learning, and persistence.
Fixed Mindset
The belief that abilities are static and unchangeable.
Hunger Regulation
The process by which the body controls appetite and food intake.
Hypothalamus
A brain region that regulates hunger.
Lateral Hypothalamus
The part of the hypothalamus that acts as the 'on switch' for hunger.
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
The area of the hypothalamus that acts as the 'off switch' for hunger.
Ghrelin
A hormone that stimulates appetite and eating.
Orexin
A hormone that promotes hunger.
Leptin
A hormone that signals satiety and regulates food intake.
Glucose
A simple sugar that serves as an energy source and plays a role in hunger.
Insulin
A hormone that regulates glucose levels and hunger responses.
Set Point Theory
Body maintains a stable weight by regulating food intake and energy expenditure.
Dopamine Deficiencies
Low levels of dopamine that may lead to overeating to stimulate the brain's reward system.
Anorexia
An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and severely restricted food intake.
Arousal Theory
The theory that people seek an optimal level of arousal.
Blood Glucose
A simple sugar in the blood that serves as an energy source.
Boredom Susceptibility
A trait characterized by a tendency to become easily bored.
Broaden and Build Theory
The theory that positive emotions broaden thoughts and behaviors, leading to resource building.
Cognitive Appraisal
Determine its significance for well-being.
Disinhibition
The reduction of restraint or inhibition.
Drive-Reduction Theory
Motivation arises from biological needs to maintain homeostasis.
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.
Ghrelin
A hormone that stimulates appetite and eating.
Psychological Motives
Motives that arise from psychological factors such as needs and desires.
Leptin
A hormone that signals satiety and regulates food intake.
Overjustification Effect
External rewards reduce intrinsic motivation.
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes behavior.
Self-Determination Theory
People need competence, autonomy, and relatedness for motivation.
Autonomy
The need for control over one’s own behaviors and goals.
Instinct Theory
Behavior is innate and evolved for survival.
Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation arises from biological needs to maintain homeostasis.
Secondary Drives
Motivations learned through experience, like money to buy food.
Incentive Theory
Behavior driven by external stimuli or 'pull factors'.
Arousal Theory
People seek an optimal level of arousal.
Humanistic Theory
personal growth and self-actualization.
Affiliation Motivation
Drive to connect with others while balancing social needs.
Ostracism
Social exclusion that can cause emotional pain.
Achievement Motivation
Focus on excelling and outperforming others.
Sensation Seeking
The pursuit of varied, novel, and intense experiences.
Growth Mindset
The belief that abilities can develop through effort, learning, and persistence.
Fixed Mindset
The belief that abilities are static and unchangeable.
Hunger Regulation
The process by which the body controls appetite and food intake.