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Emerging Adulthood
The phase of life that begins after high school, lasts through the late twenties, and is devoted to constructing an adult life.
cohabitation
sharing a household in an unmarried relationship
nest-leaving
moving out of ones childhood home and living independently
Social clock
the concept that we regulate our passage through adulthood by referring to our society’’s timetable that tells us which life activities are appropriate at certain ages
Age norms
Cultural ideas about the appropriate ages to engage in particular activities or life tasks.
On time
Being on target in a culture’s timetable for achieving adult life tasks.
Off time
Being too late or too early in a culture’s timetable for achieving adult life tasks.
identity
in Erickson’s theory, the life task of deciding who to be as an adult
role confusion
Erikson’s term for a failure in identity formation, marked by the lack of any sense of a future adult path.
Identity statuses
Marcia’s four categories of identity formation
Identity diffusion
an identity status in which the person is aimless or feels totally blocked without any adult life path
Identity foreclosure
an identity status in which the person decides on an adult life path (often one spelled out by an authority figure). without any thought or active search
Moratorium
an identity status in which the person actively explores different possibilities to find a truly solid adult life path
Identity achievement
A fully mature identity, when a young person decides on a satisfying adult life path
ruminative moratorium
When a young person is unable to decide between different identities, becoming emotionally paralyzed and extremely anxious.
ethnic identity
how people come to terms with who they are as people in relation to their unique ethnic or racial heritage
biracial or multiracial identity
How people of mixed racial backgrounds come to terms with who they are as people in relation to their heritage.
Flow
Csikszentmihalyi’s term for feeling total absorption in a challenging, goal-oriented activity.
School-to-work transition
the change from the schooling phase of life to the work world
intimacy
Erikson’s first adult task, which involves connecting with a partner in a mutual loving relationship.
Mediterranean Model
Southern Europe at home until marriage
Scandinavian Plan
nest-leaving at brink of emerging adulthood
United States
colliding conceptions dramatic income inequalities
For parents
no micromanaging and nagging
For children
resist being babies and totally subsidized; seek parental emotional support
For parents and children
talk openly about concerns; develop shared rules
Barriers to career goals
GPA, high cost education, low grades in math and science
Executive function
Planning, self-control and focus
Reasons for dropping out
money
Erikson Intimacy
developing close meaningful relationships
Erikson Isolation
fear of commitment and inability to open up
Same Sex Romance
homophobia, fear, and dislike of LGBTQ people is still evident. Some sexual-minority young people often undergo emotional turmoil during teen years
Early Adulthood
19-39
Setting the context
the changing landscape of marriage
Throughout History
Marriage was often based on practical concerns
Mid-twentieth Century (1950s)
Marriage in the 1920s had the expectation of maintaining the relationship for a half-century; defined gender roles
1964
No fault divorce. Late twentieth century. Marriage is significantly refined
Focuses more on choice
do you want to be with this person?
Serial Cohabitation
living with someone with out the intention to marry. Breaking up and living with someone else.
India
From arranged marriages to hybrid model of Marital choice
Middle East
Male-dominated marriage
True or false: Marriage is better than Cohabitation
False
The Main Marital Pathway
Downhill and then maybe up
Increase in gray divorce
Divorce after 50.
Triarchic Theory of Love
Intimacy- emotional closeness, Passion- sexual, Commitment-staying together
Components of commitment
involves values that do not allow for divorce
Prosocial attitudes
compassion,empathy, and validation
Happy couples
Engage in a higher ratio of positive to negative comments
When is divorce most common?
7-8 years
Truly unhappy divorce
more well-being
Divorce
less well being
Do most men remarry or women?
men
What is the marriage divorce rate?
50 percent
2nd and 3rd marriage divorce rate?
2nd:60% and 3rd: 70%
Marital Equity conflict
who should do what
How fathers act
typically spend more time with sons than daughters. Love rough-and-tumble play
Finding career happiness strategy 1
Match career to your personality
John Holland (1997)-
The closer a person gets to their ideal personality- career-fit, the more satisfied and successful they will be at their jobs
Middle adulthood
40-64
Exploring physiological sexual changes
most common reason for not having sex in middle and late adulthood is lack of partner
Menopause
cessation of menstrual cycle
Perimenopuase
time leading up to menopause when ovaries become less responsive to hormonal signals from pituitary
Hot flashes
#1 complaint in perimenopause in American women can disrupt sleep. Tissues in vagina thinner, dryer, less flexible and more painful intercourse
Overall intelligence peaks in
the late 50s
Crystallized intelligence
Accumulated knowledge. tends to increase with age, until later then begins to fall
Fluid intelligence
ability to reason quickly when facing totally new intellectual tasks
Cognitive abilities overall peak in
40s and 50s
Allostatic load
how well a person is functioning on a # of physical measures
Changes in executive functions
make complex tasks more difficult
Select
decide on what you want to focus on
Optimize
work especially hard on what you selected
Compensate
rely on external aids, and accept help
Openness
Openness to experiences. enjoy getting outside comfort zones
Conscientiousness
self-disciplined but erratic and irresponsible
Extroversion
sociable and friendly
Agreeableness
easy to get along with, empathetic. but stubborn and gets into fights easily
Neuroticism
hostile and high strung. reliant and stable
Conscientiousness predicts
stable marriages, steady income, and better health
Generativity
Focus on next generation and leaving a legacy
Stagnation
self-absorbed and no purpose. feels stuck
Is Erikson correct that generativity is the key to happiness during adult life?
Depends. it is based on hedonistic happiness and eudiomonic
As long as basic needs are met, things do not lead to happiness-
experience increases happiness
Attitudes decrease happiness -
spending time with people outside your political, racial, and religion increases happiness
Self-reported happiness peaks in
60s and 70s
Redemption sequence
growth during difficult times. a chance to give back
Sandwich generation
not common. Care for parents and kids at the same time
Sources of stress
role reversal and balancing roles
Note
Flashcard