Studied by 0 peopleAcidosis
condition characterized by an excess of acid in the body fluids → low pH. It can be caused by various factors such as kidney disease, diabetes, or respiratory issues. Symptoms include confusion, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
Alkalosis
A higher amount of alkalinity in the body → higher pH levels. Can be caused by respiratory dysfunction, kidney disorders.
Adaptive immunity
A type of immunity that develops when a person's immune system responds to a foreign substance or microorganism, such as after an infection or vaccination.
Atmospheric pressure
amount of force that is exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface
External respiration
gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli
Forced breathing
Use of conscious systems to force the breath - ventral respiratory groups to stimulate muscles
Innate immunity
Mucus, phagocytes like macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes
Intra-alveolar
represents the pressure of the outer atmosphere - environment
Intra-plural
is always less than intra-alveolar pressure
Lymphocytes
WBC’s (B-cells, T-cells, plasma cells) used in the adaptive immune response to fight against pathogens
Medulla (DRG VRG)
DRG: Dorsal respiratory group - the unconscious control of breath - quiet breathing
VRG - ventral respiratory group - forced breathing and conscious control
parietal pleura
outermost layer of the pleura that connects to the thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm
partial pressure
force exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases
peripheral chemoreceptor
one of the specialized receptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that sense changes in pH, carbon dioxide, or oxygen blood levels
pleural cavity
space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
pleural fluid
substance that acts as a lubricant for the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura during the movement of breathing
pons (apneustic and pneumotaxic centres)
Apneustic: stimulates the DRG and depth of breath - inhalation
Pneumotaxic: inhibits the DRG - rate of breath
pulmonary ventilation (inspiration, expiration)
Inspiration: The diaphragm contracts moving down, making it larger, and pulling air into the mouth/nose
Exhalation: The diaphragm relaxes moving up, and makes it smaller, so pushing air out of the nose/mouth
Quiet Breathing
Dorsal regulatory muscles - DRG - external intercostal muscles
Thoracic wall compliance
ability of the thoracic wall to stretch while under pressure
Visceral Pleura
Innermost layer of the pleura that is superficial to the lungs and extends into the lung fissures
Alveolar duct
tube that leads from the terminal bronchiole to the respiratory bronchiole at the point of the alveoli
Alveolar sac
cluster(grapevine) of alveoli
Alveolus
small grape-like sac the performs gas exchange
Atmospheric pressure
amount of force exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface
Bohr effect
relationship between blood pH and O2 dissociation from hemoglobin
Bronchial tree
multiple branches of bronchi and bronchioles
Bronchiole
leads from the bronchi to the alveoli
Bronchus
connects from the trachea and to many branches, bronchioles
Carbaminohemoglobin
the bound form of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide
Cardiac notch
Space in-between the left lung to hold for teh heart
Conducting zone
region of the respiratory system that is for air transport and not direct gas exchange
Cricoid cartilage
portion of the larynx that is attached to the esophagus
Epiglottis
elastic cartilage that swings close on the trachea when swallowing - moves toward the hyoid when it closes
External respiration
gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli
Glottis
between the vocal folds where air passes through to produce speech
Laryngeal Prominence
Region where the two lamina of the thyroid cartilage join - adam’s apple
Larynx
cartilaginous structure that produces voice and prevents food and beverages from entering the trachea and regulates volume of air coming in
Lung
organ that performs gas exchange
Naris
Opening of the nostrils
Nasal Bone
bone of the skull connected to the nose and frontal/maxillary bones
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
relationship of partial pressure to the binding and dissociation of oxygen to and from heme
oxyhemoglobin
bound form of oxygen and hemoglobin
Parietal Pleura
outermost layer of the pleura that connects to the thoracic wall, mediastinum and diaphragm
Partial Pressure
force exerted by each gas in a mix of gases
Peripheral chemoreceptor
specialized receptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that sense changes in pH, CO2 and O2 blood levels
Pharynx
region of the conducting zone that forms a tube of skeletal muscle lined with respiratory epithelium; located between the nasal conchae and the esophagus and trachea
Pleural Cavity
Space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
Pleural fluid
Acts as a lubricant between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
Pulmonary artery
From pulmonary trunk to alveoli carrying deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary Surfactent
Proteins that reduces surface tension of the alveoli made by type 2 alveolar cells
Pulmonary Ventilation
Exchange of gases between the lungs and atmosphere - breathing
Respiratory Bronchiole
Leads to alveolar sacs
Thoracic wall compliance
Ability of the thoracic wall to to stretch while under pressure
Thyroid Cartilage
Largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx and two lamine
Trachea
Cartilaginous rings that support tissue and connects lung bronchi and the larynx - route for air to enter and exit the lungs
True vocal cord
A pair, folded and white membranes that produce sound when air passes through
Type 1 alveolar cell
Squamous epithelial cell in alveolar wall and highly permeable to gases
Type 2 alveolar cell
Cuboidal epithelial cell that are minor cells in alveolar wall - secrete surfactant
Vestibular fold
Part of the folded Edison of glottis and composed of mucous membrane - support epiglottis during swallowing
Visceral Pleura
Innermost layer of the pleura that is superficial to the lungs and extends into the lung fissures
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