BIO209 - Midterm 2 - Respiratory System

Biology - Anatomy and Physiology - Respiratory system: - Lungs, the system, and cells, pressure and volume as well as immune system adaptivity

Acidosis

condition characterized by an excess of acid in the body fluids → low pH. It can be caused by various factors such as kidney disease, diabetes, or respiratory issues. Symptoms include confusion, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

Alkalosis

A higher amount of alkalinity in the body → higher pH levels. Can be caused by respiratory dysfunction, kidney disorders.

Adaptive immunity

A type of immunity that develops when a person's immune system responds to a foreign substance or microorganism, such as after an infection or vaccination.

Atmospheric pressure

amount of force that is exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface

External respiration

gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli

Forced breathing

Use of conscious systems to force the breath - ventral respiratory groups to stimulate muscles

Innate immunity

Mucus, phagocytes like macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes

Intra-alveolar

represents the pressure of the outer atmosphere - environment

Intra-plural

is always less than intra-alveolar pressure

Lymphocytes

WBC’s (B-cells, T-cells, plasma cells) used in the adaptive immune response to fight against pathogens

Medulla (DRG VRG)

DRG: Dorsal respiratory group - the unconscious control of breath - quiet breathing

VRG - ventral respiratory group - forced breathing and conscious control

parietal pleura

outermost layer of the pleura that connects to the thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm

partial pressure

force exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases

peripheral chemoreceptor

one of the specialized receptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that sense changes in pH, carbon dioxide, or oxygen blood levels

pleural cavity

space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

pleural fluid

substance that acts as a lubricant for the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura during the movement of breathing

pons (apneustic and pneumotaxic centres)

Apneustic: stimulates the DRG and depth of breath - inhalation

Pneumotaxic: inhibits the DRG - rate of breath

pulmonary ventilation (inspiration, expiration)

Inspiration: The diaphragm contracts moving down, making it larger, and pulling air into the mouth/nose

Exhalation: The diaphragm relaxes moving up, and makes it smaller, so pushing air out of the nose/mouth

Quiet Breathing

Dorsal regulatory muscles - DRG - external intercostal muscles

Thoracic wall compliance

ability of the thoracic wall to stretch while under pressure

Visceral Pleura

Innermost layer of the pleura that is superficial to the lungs and extends into the lung fissures

Alveolar duct

tube that leads from the terminal bronchiole to the respiratory bronchiole at the point of the alveoli

Alveolar sac

cluster(grapevine) of alveoli

Alveolus

small grape-like sac the performs gas exchange

Atmospheric pressure

amount of force exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface

Bohr effect

relationship between blood pH and O2 dissociation from hemoglobin

Bronchial tree

multiple branches of bronchi and bronchioles

Bronchiole

leads from the bronchi to the alveoli

Bronchus

connects from the trachea and to many branches, bronchioles

Carbaminohemoglobin

the bound form of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide

Cardiac notch

Space in-between the left lung to hold for teh heart

Conducting zone

region of the respiratory system that is for air transport and not direct gas exchange

Cricoid cartilage

portion of the larynx that is attached to the esophagus

Epiglottis

elastic cartilage that swings close on the trachea when swallowing - moves toward the hyoid when it closes

External respiration

gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli

Glottis

between the vocal folds where air passes through to produce speech

Laryngeal Prominence

Region where the two lamina of the thyroid cartilage join - adam’s apple

Larynx

cartilaginous structure that produces voice and prevents food and beverages from entering the trachea and regulates volume of air coming in

Lung

organ that performs gas exchange

Naris

Opening of the nostrils

Nasal Bone

bone of the skull connected to the nose and frontal/maxillary bones

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

relationship of partial pressure to the binding and dissociation of oxygen to and from heme

oxyhemoglobin

bound form of oxygen and hemoglobin

Parietal Pleura

outermost layer of the pleura that connects to the thoracic wall, mediastinum and diaphragm

Partial Pressure

force exerted by each gas in a mix of gases

Peripheral chemoreceptor

specialized receptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that sense changes in pH, CO2 and O2 blood levels

Pharynx

region of the conducting zone that forms a tube of skeletal muscle lined with respiratory epithelium; located between the nasal conchae and the esophagus and trachea

Pleural Cavity

Space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

Pleural fluid

Acts as a lubricant between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura

Pulmonary artery

From pulmonary trunk to alveoli carrying deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary Surfactent

Proteins that reduces surface tension of the alveoli made by type 2 alveolar cells

Pulmonary Ventilation

Exchange of gases between the lungs and atmosphere - breathing

Respiratory Bronchiole

Leads to alveolar sacs

Thoracic wall compliance

Ability of the thoracic wall to to stretch while under pressure

Thyroid Cartilage

Largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx and two lamine

Trachea

Cartilaginous rings that support tissue and connects lung bronchi and the larynx - route for air to enter and exit the lungs

True vocal cord

A pair, folded and white membranes that produce sound when air passes through

Type 1 alveolar cell

Squamous epithelial cell in alveolar wall and highly permeable to gases

Type 2 alveolar cell

Cuboidal epithelial cell that are minor cells in alveolar wall - secrete surfactant

Vestibular fold

Part of the folded Edison of glottis and composed of mucous membrane - support epiglottis during swallowing

Visceral Pleura

Innermost layer of the pleura that is superficial to the lungs and extends into the lung fissures