Muscles, tendons and joints of the upper limb

Also includes movements

What is the name of the shoulder joint?

Glenohumeral joint

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

Ball and socket

Does the joint capsule of the elbow completely enclose the joint?

Yes

Is the joint capsule of the elbow strong?

The anterior sections are thin and weak, but the sides are strong due to collateral ligaments.

Anterior attachments of the elbow joint capsule

The medial epicondyle of the humerus, the margins of the coronoid and radial fossas, articular margin of the capitulum and the lateral epicondyle.

Posterior attachments of the joint capsule

The medial epicondyle of the humerus, the margin of the olecranon fossa, articular margin of the capitulum and the lateral epicondyle.

What bones is the joint capsule connected to?

The humerus and ulna

How does the joint capsule attach to the ulna?

By the margins of the trochlear notch and the radial annular ligament.

What movements does the elbow joint allow?

Flexion and extension, as well as pronation and supination.

What do the 3 articulations of the elbow all share?

A common synovial cavity that originates from the edges of the articular cartilage.

How is the synovial membrane of the elbow separated from the fibrous membrane?

Fat pads

Function of the fat pads in the elbow

Accommodates radial head and coronoid process during flexion. Fat pad in the olecranon fossa accommodates the olecranon during extension.

Label this diagram of the elbow joint.

1 - Humerus

2 - Radius

3 - Ulna

4 - Fat pads

5 - Synovial membrane

6 - Annular ligament

Function of annular ligament

Supports pronation and supination

Label this diagram of the elbow joint

1 - Fibrous membrane

2 - Lateral (radial) collateral ligament

3 - Joint capsule

4 - Medial (ulnar) collateral ligament

What does the free inferior margin of the fibrous membrane (elbow) pass around?

The neck of the radius

What does inflammation of the fat pad on the elbow indicate?

Fractured neck of radius

What specific joint in the elbow allows supination and pronation?

Radioulnar joint (radius is the bone that crosses over the ulnar)

What type of joint is the radioulnar joint?

Pivot synovial

What muscles contract to cause supination??

Biceps brachii (main one) and supinator

Biceps brachii can flex after what?

Supination

What muscles cause pronation?

Pronator teres and pronator quadratus

Bursae

Membranous sacs filled with synovial fluid

Bursae function

Reduces friction between tissues of the body

What are the two joints that make up the elbow?

Ulnohumeral and radiohumeral

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

Hinge

What muscles are responsible for flexing the elbow?

Biceps brachii, brachioradialis, brachialis.

What muscles are responsible for extending the elbow?

Triceps brachii

What is this muscle? Label is.

Triceps brachii

1 - Long head

2 - Medial head

3 - Lateral head

4 - Origin = Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

5 - Origin = posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove

6 - Origin = posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove

7 - Insertion = Olecranon of ulna

What muscle is this? Label it.

Brachialis

1 - Origin = anterior surface of humerus

2 - Insertion = Coronoid process of the ulna and ulnar tuberosity

What type of joint is the wrist joint?

Ellipsoid.

What is this joint called?

Carpometacarpal joint.

What are these joints called?

The metacarpophalangeal joints.

What are these joints called?

The interphalangeal joints.

What movements are allowed by the glenohumeral joint?

• Flexion/extension

• Medial rotation/lateral rotation

• Abduction/Adduction

• Circumduction

What movements does the wrist joint allow?

• Abduction/adduction

• Flexion/extension

• Circumduction

What are the muscle compartments in the arm called?

Anterior and posterior compartments. There is an intermuscular septum which - along with the humerus - divides the arm into these compartments.

Label this diagram showing the compartments of the arm.

1. Humerus

2. Anterior compartment

3. Posterior compartment

4. Intermuscular septum

What movements is the anterior compartment of the arm responsible for?

Flexion.

What movements is the posterior compartment of the arm responsible for?

Extension.

What divides the compartments of the arm?

The humerus and intermuscular septa.

What divides the compartments of the forearm?

• Interosseous membrane

• Intermuscular septum

• Radius

• Ulna

What are the muscle compartments in the forearm called?

Anterior and posterior compartments. They are divided by the radius and ulna, as well as the intermuscular septum and interosseous membrane.

What movements is the anterior compartment of the forearm responsible for?

Flexion.

What movements is the posterior compartment of the forearm responsible for?

Extension.

Label this diagram of the muscle compartments in the forearm.

1. Anterior compartment

2. Ulna

3. Posterior compartment

4. Interosseous membrane

5. Radius

6. Deep fascia

7. Intermuscular septum

What is this muscle called?

Biceps brachii

Label this image of the biceps brachii

1. Long head of the biceps brachii

2. Short head of the biceps brachii

What is this muscle called?

Coracobrachialis

What is this muscle called?

Brachialis

What is this muscle called?

Pronator teres

What is this muscle called?

Flexor carpi radialis

What is this muscle called?

Palmaris longus

What is this muscle called?

Flexor carpi ulnaris

What is this muscle called?

Flexor digitorum superficialis

What is this muscle called?

Flexor digitorum profundus

What is this muscle called?

Flexor pollicis longus

What is this muscle called?

Pronator quadratus

What are the muscles found in the anterior compartment of the arm?

• Biceps brachii

• Coracobrachialis

• Brachialis

How many muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the arm?

3

How many muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the arm?

1

How many muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the forearm?

How many muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

8

How many muscles are found in the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

4

How many muscles are found in the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

1

How many muscles are found in the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

3

Name the muscles found in the anterior compartment of the forearm

• Pronator teres

• Flexor carpi radialis

• Palmaris longus

• Flexor carpi ulnaris

• Flexor digitorum superficialis

• Pronator quadratus

• Flexor digitorum profundus

• Flexor pollicis longus

Name the muscles found in the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm

• Pronator teres

• Flexor carpi radialis

• Palmaris longus

• Flexor carpi ulnaris

Name the muscles found in the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm

• Pronator quadratus

• Flexor digitorum profundus

• Flexor pollicis longus

Name the muscles found in the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm

• Flexor digitorum superficialis

What are the layers in the anterior compartment of the forearm called?

• Superficial

• Intermediate

• Deep

What are the layers in the posterior compartment of the forearm called?

• Superficial

• Deep

How many muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the forearm?

12

How many muscles are found in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

7

How many muscles are found in the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

5

What are the names of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?

• Brachioradialis

• Anconeus

• Extensor carpi radialis longus

• Extensor carpi radialis brevis

• Extensor carpi ulnaris

• Extensor digiti minimi

• Extensor digitorum

• Supinator

• Abductor pollicis longus

• Extensor pollicis brevis

• Extensor pollicis longus

• Extensor indicis

What are the names of the muscles in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

• Brachioradialis

• Anconeus

• Extensor carpi radialis longus

• Extensor carpi radialis brevis

• Extensor carpi ulnaris

• Extensor digiti minimi

• Extensor digitorum

What are the names of the muscles in the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

• Supinator

• Abductor pollicis longus

• Extensor pollicis brevis

• Extensor pollicis longus

• Extensor indicis

What is this muscle called?

Brachioradialis

What is this muscle called?

Anconeus

What is this muscle called?

Extensor carpi radialis longus

What is this muscle called?

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

What is this muscle called?

Extensor carpi ulnaris

What is this muscle called?

Extensor digiti minimi

What is this muscle called?

Extensor digitorum

What is this muscle called?

Supinator

What is this muscle called?

Abductor pollicis longus

What is this muscle called?

Extensor pollicis longus

What is this muscle called?

Extensor pollicis brevis

What is this muscle called?

Extensor indicis

What mnemonic helps to remember the superficial muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

Pass - Pronator teres

Fail - Flexor carpi radialis

Pass - Palmaris longus

Fail - Flexor carpi ulnaris

What is the origin of all the superficial muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

The medial epicondyle.

What muscle flexes the thumb?

Flexor pollicis longus