The Age of Reformation 1450-1684 - Unit 2

Flashcards covering the Age of Reformation 1450-1648

Motivations behind the Protestant Reformations

Initially, to end the corruption and reform the Church and it was also a desire to ensure salvation. Became Political as German Princes protected Luther and saw it as an opportunity to gain power. Became about establishing a new religion(s) - Protestantism

Why Luther’s Reformation took hold

The Catholic Church was so corrupt that it initially refused to reform, instead condemned Luther and ordered him dead. Moveable type print helped to spread the 95 Theses throughout Germany. German Peasants wanted to end Feudalism so they saw Luther’s belief that “All people were equal in the eyes of God” as a call for Social Change as well as Religious

How Luther's Reformation influenced other Reformers

Inspired by Luther, Calvin split over salvation, established a theocracy in Geneva Switzerland, and created Calvinism. Anabaptists also split from Catholicism but promoted a separation of Church and State.

How Luther’s Reformation influenced political, religious, and social changes

Increase in the power and authority of Princes and Monarchs who embraced Protestantism to diminish the power the Pope had on them. Divided Christian Europe, Established state religions, also led to the Catholic Reformation. United people through religion.

French Wars of Religion

Henry III (Valois) led to creation of 3 major enemies - the Guise family, and the Protestant Bourbon family led by Henry of Navarre. Ended with crowning of Henry IV and Edict of Nantes.

30 Years War

Started with Ferdinand I’s violation of the Peace of Augsburg. Europe divided into a continental war between Catholics and Protestants.

Peace of Augsburg

Charles V trying to end the feuding in Germany between Lutherans and Catholics.

France’s role in the 30 Years’ War

Catholic France sided with the Protestants to rebalance the power of Europe, which had been unbalanced by the Habsburg Empire.

Peace of Westphalia

Ended the 30 Years War and re-established the Peace of Augsburg but also allowed Calvinism to focus on political issues.

Edict of Nantes

Passed by Henry IV of France as he converted to Catholicism to rule France, granted religious freedom to Huguenots with the hopes of uniting the people under his rule

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation compared to Machiavelli

The use of the Inquisition to instill fear. The use of the Jesuits, and the Inquisition. The Council of Trent: reaffirming of Catholic Doctrine and ending corruption.

How the Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation

The Inquisition, Reaffirming the Catholic Doctrine. The Jesuits, The Carmelite Nuns, and revamping clerical education.

How the Renaissance and Reformation influenced gender roles

Patriarchy still defined society, differing equality in the private sphere. Catholicism allowed women to be nuns. Both Lutheran and Calvinism emphasized that women were to be subservient to men.

How the Protestant and Catholic Reformations influenced social order

Religious intolerance, social standing depended greatly on religious affiliation (i.e. Huguenots). Public and brutal punishments such as the Inquisition, stocks and flogging, Witch Hunts to instill fear.

Mannerism

This was a way to try and relive the height of Catholic power at the time it was declining, commissioning religious works from renowned artists such as Michelangelo.

Baroque architecture for the Cathedrals

A means of showing the power and importance of God, reminding the people how powerful the Catholic Church was, exerting power through architecture.